“…Furthermore, V-based drugs have exhibited potential in modulating cellular signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [ [11] , [12] , [13] ]. The optimization and analysis methods were used in different industrial applications [ [14] , [15] , [16] ]. The extraction of V from steel slag involves a multi-step and optimized process, with salt roasting emerging as a crucial technique.…”