Stability Analysis of Rocky Slopes on the Cuenca–Girón–Pasaje Road, Combining Limit Equilibrium Methods, Kinematics, Empirical Methods, and Photogrammetry

Abstract

The 3D point clouds obtained from the low-cost, remote, and precise SfM (Structure from Motion) technique allow the extraction and acquisition of discontinuities and their characteristics both manually, with the compass and virtual ruler of the Cloud Compare software, and automatically with the DSE (Discontinuity Set Extractor) program, which is faster, more accurate, and safe. Some control plans have been used, which basically consist of identifying one or several fractures and taking measurements on them manually and remotely. The difference between both types of measurements is around 5°, which we believe is reasonable since it is within the precision and repeatability of measurements with a geologist’s compass. This work analyzes the stability of six slopes (five excavated and one natural) by applying five different analysis methodologies based on the rock mass classification system (SMR, RHRSmod, and Qslope), kinematic analysis, and analytical analysis (limit equilibrium). Their results were compared with what was observed in the field to identify the most appropriate analysis methodologies adjusted to reality. The necessary parameters for analyzing each of the slopes, such as orientation, quantity, spacing, and persistence of the discontinuities, were obtained from the automatic analysis. This type of analysis eliminates the subjectivity of the authors, although the findings are related and resemble those obtained manually. The main contribution of the article consists of the application of fast and low-cost techniques to the evaluation of slopes. It is a type of analysis that is in high demand today in many Andean countries, and this work aims to provide an answer. These methodologies suggested by scientific articles such as this one will later be integrated into some procedures and will be taken into account by technical reports. The results show that with the available information and by applying low-cost techniques, the SMR system is the methodology that presents the best results and adjusts better to the reality of the study area. Therefore, SMR is a necessary parameter to determine rockfall hazards through modified RHRS.

Application of the Kinematic Assessment of Multi-Faced Slopes Using Stereographic Projection: The Case Study of a Planar Failure on the Spondylus Coast, Ecuador

“…The coast of Ecuador, like other coasts with outcrops of marked stratification (Flysch de Zumaia in Spain), presents inlets and outlets, the analysis of which can be approached with the MFS methodology that we propose in this work. There are few studies on the kinematic stability of rocky slopes in Ecuador [10][11][12]. This work reinforces the database and the methodology proposed by Yoon et al [5] for the Andean zone.…”

An Analysis of Slope Stability in the Penipe–Baños Road by Applying Empirical Methods, Kinematic Analysis and Remote Photogrammetry Techniques

“…Geomechanical stations were used to collect geotechnical data from the slopes. A geomechanical station is a set of rock mechanics observations of the properties of the rock matrix and rocky massif [8]. Among other parameters, uniaxial compressive strength (using a sclerometer), the orientation of fracture families (compass) and the features of joints or discontinuities (roughness, filling, spacing), as well as the rock quality designation, were obtained.…”

Quick Extraction of Joint Surface Attitudes and Slope Preliminary Stability Analysis: A New Method Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 3D Photogrammetry and GIS Development

“…Slope stability analysis is a significant part of geotechnical engineering [38], which involves aspects such as slope engineering design, construction, and monitoring. There are various methods of slope stability analysis, among which kinematic analysis (also known as geometric analysis) is a simple and effective method.…”