Stability and change of attachment representations during emerging adulthood: An examination of mediators and moderators of change

Scharfe, Elaine; Cole, Valerie

doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00123.x

Cited by 45 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Scharfe (2003), in a review, found that approximately 60%-70% of participants maintained attachment styles and 30%-40% reported change in attachment style when measured across various time periods. However, little research has examined reasons for change in adult attachment styles, although some support has been found for an association between change in attachment style and change of relationship status (Scharfe & Cole, 2006). This finding in relation to betrayal trauma may provide evidence that betrayal trauma history may be another variable that is associated with a higher likelihood of differing attachment styles across different relationships.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Chavez¹

2011

OURJ

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Freyd's (1996) betrayal trauma theory posits that evolutionarily important attachment bonds make dissociation in response to trauma more likely when a relationship exists between victim and perpetrator. This dissociation, despite its immediate benefits in regards to attachment, is commonly thought to have harmful consequences over time. However, although negative mental and physical sequelae may result from chronic dissociation, it may also continue to serve a protective function in regards to attachment. This online study explores the relationship between dissociation, resiliency, betrayal trauma, and attachment using self-report questionnaires with a college student sample (400 participants, 68.7% female). We hypothesized that participants with moderate dissociation would be more resilient to childhood abuse and utilize multiple attachment strategies. Results revealed that higher dissociation was associated with poorer resiliency scores, although in a curvilinear analysis very high dissociative scores correlated with higher resiliency. Dissociation did not seem to be related to attachment; however, participants with a history of betrayal trauma were associated with more variability in attachment styles. These findings are particularly relevant because it could inform attachment theory and the effects of trauma on attachment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Chavez¹

2011

OURJ

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“…Complete T1 and T2 data was obtained from 73 participants (21 males, 52 females). There were no significant differences between students at different schools (d's ranging from 0.04 to 0.20) and no differences on T1 variables between participants who returned and those who did not return T2 questionnaires (d's ranging from 0.02 to 0.30) on any of the measured variables (see Scharfe & Cole, 2006). Effect sizes for both analyses indicated that differences between the groups were quite small.…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…As reported in Scharfe and Cole (2006), participants were 109 undergraduate seniors with a mean age of 21.89 (SD = 1.22; median age 22) from two liberal arts post-secondary institutions: one in Ontario, Canada (n = 53) and one in Western New York State (n = 56). Sixty-two percent of the participants were female, 94% were Caucasian, and 57% were in an exclusive romantic relationship.…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our outcome variables depression, anxiety, and self-esteem were chosen because considerable research has supported that these variables are important indicators of adjustment during transitions (Feeney, Alexander, Noller, & Hohaus, 2003;Scharfe, 2007;Simpson, Rholes, Campbell, Tran, & Wilson, 2003) including transitions for emerging adults (Besser & Zeigler-Hill, 2014;Li, Albert, & Dwelle, 2014;Pritchard, Wilson, & Yamnitz, 2007;Scharfe & Cole, 2006). Our hypothesis were that there would be a difference between the association between T1 and T2 adjustment scores for individuals with a parent or peer network.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Function of attachment hierarchies in young adults experiencing the transition from university

2017

Self Cite

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An important cornerstone of Bowlby's attachment theory (1969/1997) is the proposal that moving away from parents and toward peers is an indication of healthy development. In this study, we explored the benefit of the shift, not the shift itself, in a sample of emerging adults experiencing a stressful life event (i.e., the transition from university). Although the shift from parents to peers is an important cornerstone of Bowlby's theory, this study is one of the first to test the differential effects of parent and peer networks on adjustment. In this longitudinal study, 73 participants completed surveys to assess attachment, social networks, and distress one month before completing their undergraduate degree and 6 months later. We found that participants experiencing the transition from university, who chose a peer as the first person in their network, tended to report stable scores over time whereas participants who chose a family member reported more variable scores. Interestingly, the direction of change was not different for the groups, just the magnitude of change. Furthermore, the difference in adjustment was not found when we compared the groups using the percent hierarchy method highlighting that there is a benefit of exploring primary attachment relationships when examining the influence of networks on adjustment.

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“…The RQ has been used widely and scores have been found to be moderately stable (e.g., Scharfe & Bartholomew, 1998), although the transparent nature of the instrument is thought to bias responses in some cases (Yusof & Carpenter, 2012). In addition, the strength of attachment avoidance was measured by adding ratings for the fearful and dismissing attachment patterns and subtracting ratings for secure and preoccupied attachment patterns, based on a model presented by Scharfe and Cole (2006). Similarly, the strength of attachment anxiety was measured by adding ratings for the fearful and preoccupied attachment patterns and subtracting ratings for secure and dismissing attachment patterns.…”

Section: Attachment Styles (Self-concept and Other-concept)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The STRIVE-ONR Project: Stress Resistance in Virtual Environments

Buckwalter¹

2015

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any o:her aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any o:her provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE ^DD-MM-WYVj 07/29/2015 REPORTTYPE FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT TITLE AND SUBTITLEThe STRIVE-ONR Project: Stress Resistance in Virtual Environments AUTHOR(S)Buckwalter, J. Galen PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)University of Southern California 3720 S. Flower Street Los Angeles, CA 90007-0701 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Office SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) ONR SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACT ~STRIVE is a story-driven approach to using virtual reality (VR) for understanding and training psychological resilience in service members prior to a combat deployment. This effort is based on two scientific principles: 1) pre-exposure to traumatic events within a safe environment provides some degree of protection for those later exposed to subsequent trauma and 2) resilience, or the rate and effectiveness with which someone returns to normal after stress, can be strengthened through systematic training. This project created the fifth episode (of six) of STRIVE and also resulted in four papers. Interaction by SMs within such emotionally challenging scenarios aims to provide a more meaningful context in which to learn and practice psychoeducational and cognitive coping strategies that research suggests plays a supportive role in the psychological preparation for a combat deployment. To accomplish this, STRIVE has been designed as a multi-episode interactive narrative in VR, akin to being immersed within a "Band of Brothers" type storyline that spans a typical deployment cycle. We currently have an initial story arc of six episodes created that will be used in the research that is now being proposed. At the end of each of the graded 10-minute episodes, an emotionally challenging event occurs, designed in part from feedback provided by SMs undergoing PTSD VRET (e.g., seeing/handling human remains, direct threat to safety via an IED attack in a vehicle, moral challenges due to culturally relativistic events (wife beating), the death of a civilian child, death of a squad member, grief processing in theatre). At that point in the episode, the virtual worl...

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Stability and change of attachment representations during emerging adulthood: An examination of mediators and moderators of change

Cited by 45 publications

References 58 publications

Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Function of attachment hierarchies in young adults experiencing the transition from university

The STRIVE-ONR Project: Stress Resistance in Virtual Environments

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