Stability and change of IQ scores in preschool children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder

Dietz, Claudine; Swinkels, Sophie H. N.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Daalen, Emma van; Engeland, Hermán van

doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0614-3

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Toth et al (2006) found that early imitation, joint attention, and toy play were good predictors of later language, and that joint attention, in particular, mediated the relationship between social engagement and language. Dietz et al (2007) found a high correlation between IQ scores as measured by the Mullen Scales of Early Development at 24 months and 43 months of age. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the scores; 12 of their 39 children had their scores increase by at least one standard deviation (15 points) and three children displayed a commensurate decrease in their scores.…”

Section: Predictors Of Outcome: Child Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Can Children with Autism Recover? If So, How?

et al. 2008

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Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are generally assumed to be lifelong, we review evidence that between 3% and 25% of children reportedly lose their ASD diagnosis and enter the normal range of cognitive, adaptive and social skills. Predictors of recovery include relatively high intelligence, receptive language, verbal and motor imitation, and motor development, but not overall symptom severity. Earlier age of diagnosis and treatment, and a diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified are also favorable signs. The presence of seizures, mental retardation and genetic syndromes are unfavorable signs, whereas head growth does not predict outcome. Controlled studies that report the most recovery came about after the use of behavioral techniques. Residual vulnerabilities affect higher-order communication and attention. Tics, depression and phobias are frequent residual co-morbidities after recovery. Possible mechanisms of recovery include: normalizing input by forcing attention outward or enriching the environment; promoting the reinforcement value of social stimuli; preventing interfering behaviors; mass practice of weak skills; reducing stress and stabilizing arousal. Improving nutrition and sleep quality is non-specifically beneficial.

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Section: Predictors Of Outcome: Child Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Can Children with Autism Recover? If So, How?

et al. 2008

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“…This method for evaluating within-subject change over time has been used extensively in neuropsychological research. 16,26,27 Of note, because there are no measures of working memory and processing speed before 6 years of age, we could not evaluate longitudinal changes in these skills.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Emergence of Cognitive Deficits After Unilateral Neonatal Stroke

Westmacott

MacGregor

Askalan

et al. 2009

Stroke

190

146

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Background and Purpose-Neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) affects a surprisingly large number of children each year, yet little is known about the long-term neuropsychological implications. Methods-Using age-appropriate Wechsler scales of intellectual ability, this longitudinal study examined 26 children with a history of acutely diagnosed unilateral neonatal AIS as preschoolers (3 years 6 months to 5 years 11 months) and again as grade-school students (6 years 1 month to 12 years 5 months), and contrasted performance with the normative sample of the test. Results-As preschoolers, patients' performance did not differ from the normative sample for Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, or Performance IQ, and there were no significant differences associated with infarct laterality. As school-age children, performance was significantly lower than the normative sample for Full Scale IQ Working Memory and Processing Speed, but not for Verbal IQ or Performance IQ. Contrasts between Time 1 and Time 2 revealed a significant decline in Full Scale IQ, which reflected emerging deficits in nonverbal reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Individual subject analyses revealed that 69% of the children showed significant declines in 1 or more IQ index measures. We found no significant differences in cognitive performance associated with lesion laterality, though males performed more poorly than females on several cognitive measures at Time 2. Conclusions-These findings suggest that children with unilateral neonatal stroke, particularly males, are at increased risk for emerging deficits in higher-level cognitive skills during the school years. Continued follow-up of these children is needed, even those with no apparent deficits as toddlers or preschoolers.

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“…The receptive language scale measures auditory and mixed auditory/visual comprehension, expressive language measures early speech proficiency, visual reception broadly measures visual discrimination and memory, and fine motor measures unilateral and bilateral manual manipulation in response to visual cues. The Mullen scales demonstrate good convergent validity with other pediatric cognitive measures (Bishop et al, 2011) and good test-retest stability (Mullen, 1995;Dietz et al, 2007). Handedness was assessed simply using parental questionnaire as part of a medical history questionnaire ("Does your child show a preference for handedness?"…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between White Matter Asymmetry and Language during Neurodevelopment

et al. 2013

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The human brain is asymmetric in gross structure as well as functional organization. However, the developmental basis and trajectory of this asymmetry is unclear, and its relationship(s) to functional and cognitive development, especially language, remain to be fully elucidated. During infancy and early childhood, in concert with cortical gray matter growth, underlying axonal bundles become progressively myelinated. This myelination is critical for efficient and coherent interneuronal communication and, as revealed in animal studies, the degree of myelination changes in response to environment and neuronal activity. Using a novel quantitative magnetic resonance imaging method to investigate myelin content in vivo in human infants and young children, we investigated gross asymmetry of myelin in a large cohort of 108 typically developing children between 1 and 6 years of age, hypothesizing that asymmetry would predict language abilities in this cohort. While asymmetry of myelin content was evident in multiple cortical and subcortical regions, language ability was predicted only by leftward asymmetry of caudate and frontal cortex myelin content and rightward asymmetry in the extreme capsule. Importantly, the influence of this asymmetry was found to change with age, suggesting an age-specific influence of structure and myelin on language function. The relationship between language ability and asymmetry of myelin stabilized at ϳ4 years, indicating anatomical evidence for a critical time during development before which environmental influence on cognition may be greatest.

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Stability and change of IQ scores in preschool children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder

Cited by 40 publications

References 30 publications

Can Children with Autism Recover? If So, How?

Can Children with Autism Recover? If So, How?

Late Emergence of Cognitive Deficits After Unilateral Neonatal Stroke

Interactions between White Matter Asymmetry and Language during Neurodevelopment

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