“…These approaches depend heavily on the motor parameters, (iii) model reference adaptive system (MRAS) [18], this method has the integration problem which may lead the system to instability, (iv) full order and reduced order closed loop observers. There are many approaches for these techniques, such as adaptive observer [19] which uses a complex gain in the feedback signal, sliding mode observer (SMO) [20], which has chattering carried out due to the high switching gain. Extended Kalman filter EKF has been proposed in [21] as a solution for better flux estimation.…”