Stability and Infectivity of Airborne Yellow Fever and Rift Valley Fever Viruses1

MILLER, WILLIAM; Demchak, P.; Rosenberger, Charles R.; Dominik, Joseph W.; Bradshaw, J. L.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120289

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is unclear which transmission route is predominant in natural outbreaks and whether the route of exposure alters the virulence or pathophysiology of RVF. Because RVFV can be infectious when aerosolized, RVFV is considered a potential pathogen that could be used in a bioterror attack (18,32,33). Our prior studies in inbred changes in platelets and coagulation parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosolized Rift Valley Fever Virus Causes Fatal Encephalitis in African Green Monkeys and Common Marmosets

Hartman

Powell

Bethel

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a veterinary and human disease in Africa and the Middle East. The causative agent, RVF virus (RVFV), can be naturally transmitted by mosquito, direct contact, or aerosol. We sought to develop a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of severe RVF in humans to better understand the pathogenesis of RVF and to use for evaluation of medical countermeasures. NHP from four different species were exposed to aerosols containing RVFV. Both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques developed mild fevers after inhalation of RVFV, but no other clinical signs were noted and no macaque succumbed to RVFV infection. In contrast, both marmosets and African green monkeys (AGM) proved susceptible to aerosolized RVF virus. Fever onset was earlier with the marmosets and had a biphasic pattern similar to what has been reported in humans. Beginning around day 8 to day 10 postexposure, clinical signs consistent with encephalitis were noted in both AGM and marmosets; animals of both species succumbed between days 9 and 11 postexposure. Marmosets were susceptible to lower doses of RVFV than AGM. Histological examination confirmed viral meningoencephalitis in both species. Hematological analyses indicated a drop in platelet counts in both AGM and marmosets suggestive of thrombosis, as well as leukocytosis that consisted mostly of granulocytes. Both AGM and marmosets would serve as useful models of aerosol infection with RVFV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosolized Rift Valley Fever Virus Causes Fatal Encephalitis in African Green Monkeys and Common Marmosets

Hartman

Powell

Bethel

et al. 2014

J Virol

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“…The disease is not considered to be contagious, and livestock generally acquire infection from transmission by arthropod vectors. In contrast, humans commonly become infected from contact with blood or other tissues of infected animals, but on occasion there appears to have been aerosol or droplet infection via mucosal surfaces, a phenomenon which has been demonstrated experimentally and which renders RVFV a candidate for use as a bioweapon [4,17,[35][36][37][38]. Hence, the apparent ability of SIN-based replicon vaccine to protect against intranasal RVFV challenge could be an important advantage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alphavirus replicon-derived candidate vaccine against Rift Valley fever virus

Heise

Whitmore²,

Thompson

et al. 2009

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARY Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted bunyavirus (genus Phlebovirus)associated with severe disease in livestock and fatal encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever in a proportion of infected humans. Although live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been used in livestock, and on a limited scale in humans, there is a need for improved anti-RVFV vaccines. Towards this goal, Sindbis virus replicon vectors expressing the RVFV Gn and Gc glycoproteins, as well as the non-structural nsM protein, were constructed and evaluated for their ability to induce protective immune responses against RVFV. These replicon vectors were shown to produce the RVFV glycoproteins to high levels in vitro and to induce systemic anti-RVFV antibody responses in immunized mice, as determined by RVFV-specific ELISA, fluorescent antibody tests, and demonstration of a neutralizing antibody response. Replicon vaccination also provided 100% protection against lethal RVFV challenge by either the intraperitoneal or intranasal route. Furthermore, preliminary results indicate that the replicon vectors elicit RVFV-specific neutralizing antibody responses in vaccinated sheep. These results suggest that alphavirus-based replicon vectors can induce protective immunity against RVFV, and that this approach merits further investigation into its potential utility as a RVFV vaccine.

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“…Even for the most stable viruses, k is typically of the order of 0.01 min (1 , corresponding to an effective half-life of about one hour (Donaldson, 1973;McDevitt et al, 2008). For most other viruses, the inactivation rate in aerosol is considerably higher (Harper, 1961;Miller et al, 1963;de Jong, 1965;Miller and Artenstein, 1967;Songer, 1967;Akers, 1969;Benbough, 1971;Barlow, 1972;Donaldson, 1972;Akers, 1973;Donaldson and Ferris, 1974). Viruses are almost completely inactivated in aerosols in the span of 1 d under such conditions.…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Després¹,

Huffman

Burrows³

et al. 2012

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

1,194

1,114

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A B S T R A C T Atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origin are a very diverse group of biological materials and structures, including microorganisms, dispersal units, fragments and excretions of biological organisms. In recent years, the impact of biological aerosol particles on atmospheric processes has been studied with increasing intensity, and a wealth of new information and insights has been gained. This review outlines the current knowledge on major categories of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP): bacteria and archaea, fungal spores and fragments, pollen, viruses, algae and cyanobacteria, biological crusts and lichens and others like plant or animal fragments and detritus. We give an overview of sampling methods and physical, chemical and biological techniques for PBAP analysis (cultivation, microscopy, DNA/RNA analysis, chemical tracers, optical and mass spectrometry, etc.). Moreover, we address and summarise the current understanding and open questions concerning the influence of PBAP on the atmosphere and climate, i.e. their optical properties and their ability to act as ice nuclei (IN) or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). We suggest that the following research activities should be pursued in future studies of atmospheric biological aerosol particles: (1) develop efficient and reliable analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of PBAP; (2) apply advanced and standardised techniques to determine the abundance and diversity of PBAP and their seasonal variation at regional and global scales (atmospheric biogeography); (3) determine the emission rates, optical properties, IN and CCN activity of PBAP in field measurements and laboratory experiments; (4) use field and laboratory data to constrain numerical models of atmospheric transport, transformation and climate effects of PBAP.

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Stability and Infectivity of Airborne Yellow Fever and Rift Valley Fever Viruses1

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Aerosolized Rift Valley Fever Virus Causes Fatal Encephalitis in African Green Monkeys and Common Marmosets

Aerosolized Rift Valley Fever Virus Causes Fatal Encephalitis in African Green Monkeys and Common Marmosets

An alphavirus replicon-derived candidate vaccine against Rift Valley fever virus

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

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