Stability and Stabilization of Fluorocarbon Emulsions Destined for Injection

Abstract

The factors that have an impact on the stability, and the mechanisms of degradation of fluorocarbon emulsions suited for intravascular use, are briefly reviewed. Various ways of prolonging shelf stability are discussed. The effectiveness of perfluoroalkylated surfactants and/or co-surfactants as stabilizers is demonstrated. New means of stabilizing fluorocarbon-in-water emulsions using molecular dowels are presented.

Synthesis and characterization of tri-block fluorinated-n-alkanes

“…Mass spectrometric studies on a series of partially fluorinated alkanes have confirmed their great stability [2]. The main applications for triblock and diblock semifluorinated n-alkanes ranging from biomedical field, as oxygen-carrying agents for blood substitutes [3][4][5][6][7][8], ophthalmology applications [9][10][11][12][13], perfluorocarbons emulsion stabilization [14,15], to applications as solid lubricants.…”

Customizable, multi-functional fluorocarbon nanoparticles for quantitative in vivo imaging using 19F MRI and optical imaging

“…A key limitation in the use of PFCs is their fluorophilicity, which renders them largely insoluble and potentially toxic in aqueous environments. Emulsification with lipid surfactants has typically been the solution [9,10]. However, these emulsions often proved unstable and difficult to use, for example, the FDA-approved blood substitute Fluosol-DA (Green Cross Corp., Osaka, Japan), must be stored frozen and the emulsion components mixed immediately before use.…”

Perfluorocarbon Emulsions Cytotoxic Effects on Human Fibroblasts and Effect of Aging on Particle Size Distribution

“…These findings are in good agreement with other studies reporting particle size distributions of ca. 200 nm (1,8,10,11). Emulsions displayed a much broader particle size distribution following the 14-day storage with bimodal particle size distributions: .…”