Stability dependence of the drag and bulk transfer coefficients over a coastal sea surface

Tsukamoto, Osamu; Ohtaki, Eiji; Iwatani, Yoshiharu; Mitsuta, Yasushi

doi:10.1007/bf00120054

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These dependencies are consistent with previous studies. However, the stability dependence was not observed, which supports the results by Tsukamoto et al (1991), and no stability correction was applied.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Most of the data were observed in unstable conditions. However, stability dependence was not observed in the present data, which supports the results by Tsukamoto et al (1991) and the stability correction was not applied to the present data. These values were averaged over three wind speed ranges, 1.5-7.5ms-1, 7.5-12.5ms-1 and over 12.5 ms-1, and indicated in dashed and solid lines in the figures.…”

Section: Bulk Transfer Coefficientssupporting

confidence: 89%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Surface Energy Balance Measurements around Ocean Weather Station-T during OMLET/WCRP

Tsukamoto¹,

Ishida²,

Mitsuta³

1995

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sea surface energy balance was analysed at the ocean weather station-T (OWS-T; 290N, 1350E), south of Japan, based on direct measurements on board. The intensive observation periods were set up during OMLET (Ocean Mixed Layer Experiment) as two cruises of the R/V Hakuhomaru, University of Tokyo around OWS-T in Apr/May 1988 and Jan/Feb 1991. The first period corresponds to the decaying stage of the ocean mixed layer and the second one is the stage of the development. Radiation measurements and turbulent flux measurements by the eddy correlation method were carried out during the cruises as well as the upper air soundings and the ocean measurements. A part of the results from OMLET'88 was already reported by Tsukamoto et al. (1990).The eddy correlation flux measurement is the most accurate one. However it is not always applicable for the sea-surface flux evaluations for a long term. The bulk aerodynamic formulas are usually accepted for practical purposes. The bulk transfer coefficient should be determined based on the eddy correlation flux measurements. However previous energy budget studies are based on universal bulk models and no confirmation was made of those results. In the present study, the bulk transfer coefficients were determined based on the eddy fluxes as a function of wind speed as in situ values. The bulk coefficients were applied to the continuous surface meteorological data for the evaluation of long-term fluxes.The net heat fluxes into the water were evaluated as +54 Wm-2 (downward) in Apr/May and -192 Wm-2 (upward) in Jan/Feb. The local time changes of the ocean mixed layer heat content were calculated with JMA buoy data as 356 Wm-2 and -297 Wm-2, respectively, The difference of these values can be regarded as due to horizontal or vertical heat transfer.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Bulk Transfer Coefficientssupporting

confidence: 89%

Surface Energy Balance Measurements around Ocean Weather Station-T during OMLET/WCRP

Tsukamoto¹,

Ishida²,

Mitsuta³

1995

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As measurements of horizontal advection of heat over the reef by currents and the partitioning of heat into the reef benthos and substrate were not made, for the purpose of this study, these parameters were grouped (DQ SWR ) and collectively determined as the residual of the equation. This approach is used when direct measurement of energy transfer through the water column and/or underlying substrate, including coral, is not practical (Kurasawa et al 1983;MacKellar and McGowan 2010;McGowan et al 2010;Tsukamoto et al 1995). As a result, the surface energy balance equation for Heron Reef was rewritten as…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of its large heat storage capacity, the open ocean is a sink or source of energy, depending on the diurnal solar cycle and hydrodynamics (Arya 2001). Over the western tropical Pacific Ocean, the net heat flux into the water was found to represent 40% of available net radiation Q* (Tsukamoto and Ishida 1995). The high level of available moisture over oceans means latent heat flux (water vapor flux between the surface and atmosphere) dominates over sensible heat (heat flux into the overlying air) and, typically, annual values of the Bowen ratio b, the ratio of sensible heat Q H to latent heat flux Q E , are low, at approximately 0.10 (Oke 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, energy exchanges over coral reefs have been computed indirectly (McCabe et al 2010) and have focused on the development of bulk transfer algorithms from shoreline measurements made from towers (Fairall et al 1996;Francey and Garratt 1979;Garratt and Hyson 1975) and/ or have relied on shipboard measurements (Tsukamoto et al 1995). McCabe et al (2010) used bulk formulas to compute the turbulent fluxes (Q E and Q H ) over the reef flat at Lady Elliot Island in the southern GBR, during autumn (April).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spatial Heterogeneity of Air–Sea Energy Fluxes over a Coral Reef—Heron Reef, Australia

MacKellar¹,

McGowan²,

Phinn³

2012

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The thermal environment of a coral reef is moderated by complex interactions of air-sea heat and moisture fluxes, local to synoptic-scale weather and reef hydrodynamics. Measurements of air-sea energy fluxes over coral reefs are essential to understanding the reef-atmosphere processes that underpin coral reef environmental conditions such as water temperature, cloud, precipitation, and local winds (such as during coral bleaching events). Such measurements over coral reefs have been rare, however, and the spatial heterogeneity of surface-atmosphere energy exchanges due to the different geomorphic and biological zones on coral reefs has not been captured. Accordingly, the heterogeneity of coral reefs with regard to substrate, benthic communities, and hydrodynamic processes has not been considered in the characterization of the surface radiation budget and energy balance of coral reefs. Here, the first concurrent in situ eddy covariance measurements of the surface energy balance and radiation transfers over different geomorphic zones of a coral reef are presented. Results showed differences in radiation transfers and sensible and latent heat fluxes over the reef, with higher Bowen ratios over the shallow reef flat zone. The energy flux divergence between sites increased with wind speed and during unstable, southeasterly trade winds with the net flux of heat being positive and negative over different geomorphic zones. The surface drag coefficient at measurement height ranged from 1 3 10 23 to 2.5 3 10 23, with no significant difference between sites. Results confirm that spatial variation in radiation and air-reef-water surface heat and moisture fluxes occurs across a lagoonal platform reef in response to local meteorological conditions, hydrodynamics, and benthic-substrate cover.

show abstract

The subsurface transport of heat and moisture and its effect on the environment: A numerical model

Asaeda

1993

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Stability dependence of the drag and bulk transfer coefficients over a coastal sea surface

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Surface Energy Balance Measurements around Ocean Weather Station-T during OMLET/WCRP

Surface Energy Balance Measurements around Ocean Weather Station-T during OMLET/WCRP

Spatial Heterogeneity of Air–Sea Energy Fluxes over a Coral Reef—Heron Reef, Australia

The subsurface transport of heat and moisture and its effect on the environment: A numerical model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About