Stability evaluation of water droplets levitated by a TinyLev acoustic levitator for laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

TinyLev acoustically levitated water: Direct observation of collective, inter-droplet effects through morphological and thermal analysis of multiple droplets

“…Moreover, these studies have moved beyond the physicochemical properties and crystallization dynamics of water and examine immersion freezing techniques 5 , multi-component analyses [27][28][29] , gas hydrate formation 30,31 , and new tools and analytical methods such as trace analysis and breakdown spectroscopy. [32][33][34] Building upon this extensive base of research, a logical next step is to examine multiple levitated water droplets simultaneously, as lone droplets rarely exist in nature.…”

Interfacial Effects during Phase Change in Multiple Levitated Tetrahydrofuran Hydrate Droplets

“…This characteristic shape is caused by several forces present in the field. These primarily include gravity (downward), a counteracting acoustic pressure from the lower TinyLev array to maintain droplet stability and acoustic pressure from the upper array that is used to prevent the droplets from leaving the acoustic region. ,, The combination of these forces creates acoustic streamlines at the boundary layer just before the droplet surface (the air–liquid interface) which determines the droplet boundary by creating vortices on its upper and lower halves. , The droplet’s shape is caused by the balance of these outer normal forces and the surface tension and hydrostatic forces within the droplet . Acoustic streaming likely caused the solution to flow steadily at the surface, resulting in a small amount of evaporation and convective cooling .…”

“…14,21 The droplet's shape is caused by the balance of these outer normal forces and the surface tension and hydrostatic forces within the droplet. 22 Acoustic streaming likely caused the solution to flow steadily at the surface, resulting in a small amount of evaporation and convective cooling. 23 This meant that the initial droplet temperatures were slightly lower than the average room temperature Previous pure water studies have observed about 1 • C variations between the droplet surface and environmental temperatures.…”

Nanoparticles in analytical laser and plasma spectroscopy – a review of recent developments in methodology and applications

“…256 In other studies, nL volume droplets and 1-3 micrometer aerosol particles were also successfully trapped and individually analyzed by LIBS. Järvinen et al 257 used an electrodynamic, whereas Meneses-Nava et al 258 an acoustic levitator for the trapping of particles. Since all the above three technologies can spatially constrain aerosol particles to a very small, mm-wide range, they are expected to be applicable to ultrane (nano) particles as well.…”