“…Robotic manipulators are multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs), complicated and nonlinear coupling systems, which have currently become one of the most important machines for modern automation. 1–4 In practical application, it is often difficult to identify the robotic mathematical model accurately, because of the various dynamic uncertainties such as unknown loads, gravitational force, nonlinear frictions, external disturbances, the manufacturing imprecision of the manipulator links, and other unmodeled nonlinearities. 5–8 Therefore, the development of robust adaptive control technology to handle robotic manipulators is extremely important and challenging for precise robotic motion control.…”