Stability of nitroaromatic specialty explosives in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic systems

Bausinger, Tobias; Preuß, Johannes

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.139

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…Solubility ranges from 191 mg/L to 276 mg/L (25°C) in ultrapure water . Provided its current production, use, and stability and its potential to be released during munitions manufacturing, testing, training, and use , it is logical to determine the potential for DNAN to cause toxicity to surface water organisms. Insensitive munition wastewaters may also have a yellow coloration that impacts the aesthetics of the surface water that receives the effluent .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter‐ and intraspecies chemical sensitivity: A case study using 2,4‐dinitroanisole

Kennedy

Laird

Lounds³

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Insensitive munitions offer increased safety because of their "insensitivity" to unintended detonation relative to historically used formulations such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive munition constituent, and its solubility and stability warrant investigations of potential toxicological hazard related to manufacturing discharges and training ranges. Although ecotoxicology data are available for other insensitive munition constituents, few data are available for DNAN. In the present study, acute and chronic exposures of a fish (Pimephales promelas) and 2 cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex) were conducted. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values of DNAN ranged from 14.2 mg/L to 42.0 mg/L, depending on species. In chronic exposures, fish survival (LC50 = 10.0 mg/L) was more sensitive than cladoceran survival (LC50 = 13.7 to >24.2 mg/L). However, cladoceran reproduction was equally or more sensitive to DNAN (50% inhibition values 2.7-10.6 mg/L, depending on species) than fish endpoints. Daphnia pulex was the most sensitive species, with only slight differences between the 3 populations tested. Although the aquatic toxicity of DNAN was lower than previously reported in the literature for TNT, future research is needed to determine the potential synergistic toxicity of all the constituents in insensitive munition mixtures and the implications of photo-oxidation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter‐ and intraspecies chemical sensitivity: A case study using 2,4‐dinitroanisole

Kennedy

Laird

Lounds³

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Thermal Stability Studies Comparing IMX‐101 (Dinitroanisole/Nitroguanidine/NTO) to Analogous Formulations Containing Dinitrotoluene

Oxley

Smith

Donnelly

et al. 2015

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) replacement, IMX‐101, containing 43.5 % 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN), 19.7 % 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO) and 36.8 % nitro‐guanidine (NQ), has been certified for use as an insensitive munition. IMX‐101 has passed standardized performance, stability, and aging tests but in some categories was not necessarily an improvement over TNT or RDX. This study compared the thermal stability of DNAN and another low‐melting nitroarene, 2,4‐dinitrotoulene (DNT). When examined individually, DNAN was more stable; but formulated in IMX‐101 with NTO and NQ, the opposite was true. In two part mixtures, NQ had a similar acceleratory effect on the decomposition of both nitroarenes, while NTO had a greater impact on DNAN than on NTO. Ammonia, a reported decomposition product of both NQ and NTO, also accelerated the decomposition of both DNAN and DNT, with a larger impact on DNAN. The formation of dinitroaniline, potentially due to the interaction between the nitroarenes and ammonia, was detected by LC/MS as a decomposition product when either nitroarene was combined with NTO and/or NQ, indicating that this molecule may play a significant role in the decomposition mechanism. While not advocating the use of DNT in insensitive munitions formulations, this study addresses the importance of chemical compatibility as a criterion for selecting replacement components in formulations.

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Investigation of energetic materials prepared by reactions of diamines with picryl chloride

Atakol

Atakol²,

Yigiter

et al. 2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Stability of nitroaromatic specialty explosives in reversed-phase liquid chromatographic systems

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Inter‐ and intraspecies chemical sensitivity: A case study using 2,4‐dinitroanisole

Inter‐ and intraspecies chemical sensitivity: A case study using 2,4‐dinitroanisole

Thermal Stability Studies Comparing IMX‐101 (Dinitroanisole/Nitroguanidine/NTO) to Analogous Formulations Containing Dinitrotoluene

Investigation of energetic materials prepared by reactions of diamines with picryl chloride

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