Stabilizing the Nanostructure of SnO₂ Anodes by Transition Metals: A Route to Achieve High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Stable Capacities for Lithium Storage

Abstract

To dramatically stabilize the nanostructure of Sn and achieve ultrahigh reversibility of conversion reactions in lithiated SnO , a series of SnO -transition metal-graphite ternary nanocomposites are produced by ball milling, demonstrating high initial Coulombic efficiencies up to 88.6%, high reversible capacity (>700 mAh g at 2 A g ), and ultralong cycling life (90.3% of capacity retention after 1300 cycles).

Co–Sn Nanocrystalline Solid Solutions as Anode Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries with High Pseudocapacitive Contribution

“…With continuous cycling, the coulombic efficiency remained stable and the charge and discharge capacities gradually increased up to 1534 mAh g −1 and 1555 mAh g −1 at the 220 th cycle. The extraordinarily high capacities obtained, which is above the theoretical maximum for not only Co–Sn alloys but also for pure Sn, may be attributed to the ultra‐small particle size of the active anode material, which provides additional active sites for Li‐ion storage and a larger density of diffusion channels for Li ions to access all the active material …”

In Situ Construction of Multibuffer Structure 3D CoSn@SnOx/CoOx@C Anode Material for Ultralong Life Lithium Storage

“…The obvious cathodic peak at ≈1.3 V can be attributed to the following reasons: first, the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the electrode surface from the irreversible decomposition of electrolyte; second, the reduction of amorphous SnO x /CoO x to Co/Sn; and third, the irreversible insertion of Li + into void, pore, and defect. The reduction peak around ≈0.75 V is related to the multistep Li–Sn alloying reactions with an activation process . The cathodic peak at ≈0.01 V reflects that Li + react with carbon as well as some alloying reaction of Li with Sn .…”

Design and Synthesis of Spherical Multicomponent Aggregates Composed of Core–Shell, Yolk–Shell, and Hollow Nanospheres and Their Lithium‐Ion Storage Performances

“…In the second cycle, two reduction peaks at 1.0 and 1.3 V and their corresponding oxidation peaks at 1.4 and 2.1 V originated from the complex multistep reaction behavior of Co 3+ / 2+ /Co 0 . The reduction and oxidation peaks at 1.3 and 2.1 V, respectively, were also attributed to the reversible formation of SnO 2 by the reaction of metallic Sn nanocrystals with Li 2 O (Sn + Li 2 O ↔ SnO 2 ) during cycling . The initial discharge and charge curves of the three samples at a current density of 1 A g −1 are shown in Figure d.…”