Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)—Biology, Management, and Research Needs

Abstract

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) are global pests of livestock, companion animals, and humans. These flies inflict painful bites and cause significant economic losses to producers by reducing livestock production. In addition, they have been associated with the mechanical transmission of several pathogens causing disease in animals. Management of this species is difficult because: 1) their developmental habitats are often ephemeral accumulations of decomposing vegetation, 2) they can exploit cultural practices in many agricultural and urban environments, and 3) the adults are highly mobile. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is required to effectively manage stable flies, including integration of cultural, mechanical, physical, biological, and chemical control options. The challenges of stable flies in different animal commodities are discussed, and current and novel technologies for control are presented. Lastly, need for additional research to improve stable fly management methods are discussed.

Short Communication: Tabanid and muscoid hematophagous flies as potential vectors of Surra Disease in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

“…The morphology of S. calcitrans in the study was consistent with previous studies (Prihandono et al 2021;Makhahlela et al 2022). The hallmark of the m1+2 wing venation was slightly forward and met the ribs just behind the wing apex (Rochon et al 2021). The data group of the S. calcitrans flies had different meanings in the two study sites.…”

“…The morphology of the Musca domestica was almost similar to that of the S. calcitrans, but both species could be distinguished by the pattern of their abdomen, thorax, and wings (Masmeatathip et al 2006). The unique morphology of the M. domestica, especially its wing venation, was characterized by a sharp m1+2 characteristic forward and meeting the ribs in the anterior position to the wing crest (Rochon et al 2021). The characteristics of M. domestica were red eyes, a spongy mouth, four dark lines on the thorax, an upward notch in the fourth wing vein (m1+2), an abdomen along the sides, the dark longitudinal band along the dorsal median anterior segment, and space.…”

Fly species on cows around the Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia and their role as zoonotic disease vectors

“…The genus Stomoxys had a wide distribution, breeding in cow dung mixed with rotting grass (Rochon et al 2021). It is synanthropic, persistent bloodsuckers and plays a role in anthrax disease (Baldacchino et al 2013).…”

“…The same thing was also reported by Lendzele et al 2019 who conducted research on the bionomics of this fly species in African Cameroon. This fly is very mobile has the ability to fly high (Rochon et al 2021), hence it is not collected in this research because the collection was carried out using insect nets.…”

Collecting Records of Spalangia Latreille, 1805 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Parasitic on Pupae of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) in Japan

“…Because some of Spalangia species have been known as biological control agents against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and the house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) (Morgan et al 1975;Morgan & Patterson 1990;Legner 1995;Skovgård 2004), we are accumulating their collecting records in Japan. Fly pupae that were collected from bovine manure were identified based on shape of the posterior spiracles mentioned in Rochon et al (2021). Parasitoids were identified by using a key to species provided by Gibson (2009) and Matsuo (2020) 2019).…”