Stable Nonaqueous Pentobarbital Sodium Solutions for Use in Laboratory Animals

Borodkin, Saul; Macy, Lowell; Thompson, G. W.; Schmits, Ronald

doi:10.1002/jps.2600660521

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This technique is not at all original; habitual users of sodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) will recognize it as a standard procedure for solubilizing this compound as well. The necessity of high pH in keeping pentobarbital in solution is discussed in Borodkin et al (Borodkin, Macy, Thompson, & Schmits, 1977); the alkaline environment tends to render the drug unstable during long-term storage if stabilizing agents such as propylene glycol are not used. Other techniques for dissolving sodium pentobarbital are also available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable sodium pentobarbital: Stability at room temperature

Priest

Geisbuhler

2015

Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injectable sodium pentobarbital: Stability at room temperature

Priest

Geisbuhler

2015

Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

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“…The initial pH value (>9.0) seems necessary to protect pentobarbital sodium from degradation, such as that shown for the water solutions and in accordance with the drug solution for intravenous injection (Nembutal, 50 mg/mL) with a pH adjusted between 9 and 10.5. 5 Because this water solution is bitter, Inorpha suspension can be considered more suitable for pediatric patients, allowing the administration of accurate doses of the drug. A pentobarbital sodium in water at pH >9.0 and containing flavoring and sweetening agents would be interesting to study.…”

Section: Annals Of Pharmacotherapy 50(3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of Pentobarbital in Water and Oral Pediatric Suspensions

Schlatter¹,

Kabiche²,

Balde³

et al. 2016

Ann Pharmacother

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To ensure motionless conditions during computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in infants, sedative drugs could be used but with the potential risk of adverse effects such as respiratory depression. 1 Pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) and chloral hydrate are the more frequently used drugs. 2 Clinical studies reported the effectiveness of pentobarbital sedation and a decreased rate of adverse events as compared with chloral hydrate for imaging sedative procedures. 3 Pentobarbital is usually administered to infants at the dose of 4 to 5 mg/kg, with a maximum of 8 mg/kg. 3 Nembutal is not available in the United States and Europe, and some hospital pharmacy units prepare rectal or oral forms. To facilitate its administration, we chose to study pentobarbital sodium stability in water and compounded in 5 suspensions. Methods Pentobarbital sodium powder (Inresa, Bartenheim, France) was used to prepare 6 different suspensions at 25 mg/mL in deionized water (Fresenius,

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Gastrointestinal, liver, and lung extraction ratio of acetaminophen in the rat after high dose administration

Bhargava¹,

Hirate²

1989

Biopharm & Drug Disp

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The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen was examined in rats after administration of a single dose of 200 mg kg-1 by the intra-arterial, intravenous, portal vein, and oral routes. Levels of acetaminophen and its two major metabolites, acetaminophen-glucuronide and acetaminophen-sulfate, were quantitated in plasma at various time points for about 5 h after drug administration. The relative contribution of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lung to the oral extraction ratio (first-pass effect after oral absorption) was determined. A mean oral extraction ratio of 0.49 was obtained. The mean relative extraction ratio of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lung were 0.52, 0.07, and 0, respectively, indicating a major contribution due to the gastrointestinal tract. This is in contrast to earlier studies which have indicated negligible contribution by the gastrointestinal tract to the oral first-pass effect when lower doses were utilized. These results suggest that the relative contribution of the gastrointestinal tract and liver to the oral first-pass effect of acetaminophen may be dose-dependent.

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Stable Nonaqueous Pentobarbital Sodium Solutions for Use in Laboratory Animals

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Injectable sodium pentobarbital: Stability at room temperature

Injectable sodium pentobarbital: Stability at room temperature

Stability of Pentobarbital in Water and Oral Pediatric Suspensions

Gastrointestinal, liver, and lung extraction ratio of acetaminophen in the rat after high dose administration

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