Stable Ti/IrOx−Sb2O5−SnO2 Anode for O2 Evolution with Low Ir Content

Chen, Xueming; Chen, Guohua; Yue, Po Lock

doi:10.1021/jp010038d

Cited by 196 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These include RuO 2 , IrO 2 , PbO 2 and SnO 2 that are widely used in areas such as chlorine production, water electrolysis, ozone production, and electro-oxidation of organics in wastewater treatment. [1][2][3][4][5] For wastewater treatment, an electrode material having high efficiency and selectivity toward oxidation of organic compounds is desired.One candidate electrode material is the antimony doped tin oxide on Ti. This electrode is generally written as Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Kirk

Thorpe

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The in-depth chemistry of a Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 anode was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with ion etching. The coating was found to be composed of multiple layers of tin and titanium oxides and composition gradients at both the oxide-air and oxide-metal interfaces. The existence of such an extensive titanium oxide layer may be related to the fabrication of the Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 anode and subsequent inter-diffusion of species. Also, the surface tin oxide layer was found to be non-stoichiometric, which, in relation to the extensive titanium oxide structure, could be explained by a migration of oxygen toward the Ti substrate. Electrochemical tests showed that the film was unstable and continued to grow under anodic polarization. Impedance spectroscopy displayed a continuum in the dielectric relaxation time constants with depth. This variation in relaxation time constants was proposed to be caused by the continuous variation of the composition in the film. Anodes made of titanium-supported metal oxides are of industrial importance. Since the inception of the well-known Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA), 1 many oxides, single or mixed, have been developed. These include RuO 2 , IrO 2 , PbO 2 and SnO 2 that are widely used in areas such as chlorine production, water electrolysis, ozone production, and electro-oxidation of organics in wastewater treatment. [1][2][3][4][5] For wastewater treatment, an electrode material having high efficiency and selectivity toward oxidation of organic compounds is desired.One candidate electrode material is the antimony doped tin oxide on Ti. This electrode is generally written as Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 . The coating material is composed of SnO 2 with a tetragonal structure.6 By doping the SnO 2 with Sb, the conductivity of the SnO 2 film can be greatly enhanced. Compared to other metal oxides, Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 is low in cost, low in toxicity but efficient in the oxidation of organic compounds. Therefore, this electrode material was considered a suitable candidate for wastewater treatment. However, this electrode also suffers the disadvantage of deactivation, and the issue of deactivation has been addressed by several authors.7-9 A primary reason for the deactivation of this anode is the formation of a passive layer underneath the coating. The passive layer was thought to be a TiO 2 layer that was formed from interaction with aqueous electrolytes. The deactivation was found to be particularly severe in the anodes with Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 .9 Since TiO 2 has very high resistivity (10 10 cm), a very high electric field develops under constant current operation. The high electric field then promotes the solid state drift of the ions in the layer. In an anode such as Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 , the oxide anions are driven inwards toward the Ti substrate and titanium ions are driven toward the solution side. Such drift would then result in further growth of the oxide layer.Titanium is known to form a passive layer almost instantly when exposed to air or an aerated electrolyte...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Kirk

Thorpe

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…[16][17][18] Firstly the titanium plate was pre-treated before coating. Three coating materials (CM) SnCl 4 , SbCl 3 and IrCl 3 .xH 2 O were dissolved in acetic acid (AA) and ethylene-glycol (EG) in ratios of (CM:AA:EG) (2 ml:2 ml:10 ml), (2 g:2 ml:10 ml) and (0.1 g:2 ml:10 ml) respectively at 60°C for 1 hr.…”

Section: Anode Coatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 In recent studies it was reported that the addition of iridium oxide (IrO 2 ) to the SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 coating greatly increases service life. 16,17 This has been attributed to the incorporation of IrO 2 in the SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 coating by diffusion during electrode preparation. In Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 -IrO 2 anode, SnO 2 acts as a dispersing agent, Sb 2 O 5 as a doping agent and IrO 2 acts as a catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Degradation of PAHs in Produced Water Using Ti/Sb2O5-SnO2-IrO2 Anode

et al. 2014

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In the study, ternary oxides coated Ti/SnO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 -IrO 2 anode was used for degradation of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a laboratory scale electrochemical batch reactor. To determine the optimum conditions for electrochemical degradation of PAHs from produced water, Box-Behnken design was used with three independent variables, viz., current density, pH and electrolysis time and response variable, viz., ΣPAHs removal %. Quadratic regression model was recommended as the best fit model. The results of Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) exhibited that the regression model adequately described the functional relationship between the independent variables and the response. This study affirmed that electrochemical degradation of PAHs followed first-order kinetics.

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“…Eventually, the anodes were calcined at 500°C for 1 h. More details of the preparation procedures can be found elsewhere. 9,12,13 The average thickness of the film was about 3 µm.…”

Section: Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 However, IrO 2 is much more expensive and slightly lower in activity than RuO 2 . To save cost and/or to improve the coating property, other components are usually mixed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

Wang

Yao

et al. 2012

Electrochemistry

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Seawater can be used as an electrolyte for Cl 2 evolution, and proper selection of electrode materials is of great importance. In this paper, a new type of dimensionally stable anodes, Ti/RuO 2 -IrO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 -SnO 2 , was investigated for Cl 2 evolution from seawater. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties were examined, and the electrocatalytic activity for Cl 2 evolution was measured under different conditions. It was shown that the RuO 2 -IrO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 -SnO 2 coating was compact in microstructure. The current efficiency was 71.2-86.7%, depending on the operational conditions. The anodes were predicted to be able to work effectively for over 6 years at a current density of 1500 A m −2 for seawater electrolysis.

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Stable Ti/IrO_x−Sb₂O₅−SnO₂ Anode for O₂ Evolution with Low Ir Content

Cited by 196 publications

References 37 publications

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemical Degradation of PAHs in Produced Water Using Ti/Sb2O5-SnO2-IrO2 Anode

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

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Stable Ti/IrOx−Sb2O5−SnO2 Anode for O2 Evolution with Low Ir Content

Cited by 196 publications

References 37 publications

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemical Degradation of PAHs in Produced Water Using Ti/Sb2O5-SnO2-IrO2 Anode

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

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Stable Ti/IrO_x−Sb₂O₅−SnO₂ Anode for O₂ Evolution with Low Ir Content

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy