Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use

Kandel, Denise B.

doi:10.1126/science.1188374

Cited by 984 publications

(526 citation statements)

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“…Stage theory posits that there is an invariant sequence in drug use with onset of use falling along a continuum with the licit drugs (tobacco, alcohol) being used before cannabis, which in turn precedes the use of other drugs such as cocaine and heroin (Kandel, 1975;Kandel and Faust, 1975). While such a sequence has been observed in numerous studies (Collins, 2002;Ellickson et al, 1992;Graham et al, 1991;Kandel et al, 1992;Kandel and Yamaguchi, 2002), the interpretation of such findings remains controversial.…”

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confidence: 78%

Early Onset Cannabis Use and Progression to other Drug Use in a Sample of Dutch Twins

2006

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One possible explanation of the commonly reported associations between early onset cannabis use and elevated risks of other illicit drug use is that early onset cannabis use increases access and availability to other drugs. It was this argument that in part motivated policy changes in the Netherlands that led to the de facto legalization of cannabis there. This study examines, using a co-twin control design, whether previously observed associ-ations between early onset cannabis use and elevated lifetime rates of other illicit drug use would also be observed in a sample of 219 same sex Dutch twin pairs discordant for cannabis use before age 18. After adjustment for covariates, rates of lifetime party drug use (OR=7.4, 95% CI=2.3-23.4), hard drug use (OR=16.5, 95% CI=2.4-111.3), but not regular cannabis use (OR=1.3, 95% CI=0.3-5.1) were significantly elevated in individuals who reported early onset cannabis use, relative to their co-twin who had not used cannabis by age 18. The elevated odds of subsequent illicit drug use in early cannabis users relative to their non early using cotwins suggests that this association could not be explained by common familial risk factors, either genetic or environmental, for which our co-twin methodology provided rigorous control.

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confidence: 78%

Early Onset Cannabis Use and Progression to other Drug Use in a Sample of Dutch Twins

2006

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“…The possibility that cannabis use can increase the likelihood of becoming addicted to other drugs has long been debated, but there is still a need for objective evaluation of this 'gateway' hypothesis (Ellickson et al, 1992;Kandel, 1975;Kandel and Faust, 1975;Lynskey et al, 2003). Although supportive correlational evidence has been obtained (Fergusson and Horwood, 2000;Kandel, 2003), causal relationships between drug exposure and subsequent addiction are difficult to establish in humans because of the many historical, environmental, and social variables that cannot be controlled (Baumrind, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Previous Exposure to THC Alters the Reinforcing Efficacy and Anxiety-Related Effects of Cocaine in Rats

Panlilio

Solinas

Matthews

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The hypothesis that prior cannabis exposure increases the likelihood of becoming addicted to other drugs can be evaluated by giving rats a history of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure, then allowing them to self-administer other drugs. In Experiment 1, THC preexposure did not alter the acquisition of cocaine self-administration or the amount of cocaine taken under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule, with one response required for each injection. Under a progressive-ratio schedule, with the response requirement increasing exponentially with each injection, cocaine-seeking was significantly reduced in THC-exposed rats, suggesting that the regimen of THC exposure used in the present study caused cocaine to be devalued as a reinforcer. In contrast, in an earlier study that used the same regimen, a history of THC exposure did not alter the value of heroin as a reinforcer under the progressive-ratio schedule, but it increased heroin self-administration under the FR1 schedule. Experiment 2 examined how this regimen of THC pre-exposure alters the locomotor effects of cocaine and heroin. THC pre-exposure produced cross-tolerance to the motor-depressant effects of heroin; this may explain the shortened post-injection pauses exhibited by THC-exposed rats under FR1 heroin self-administration. When given cocaine, THCexposed rats exhibited normal increases in locomotion, but they avoided the center of the open field, suggesting that this THC preexposure regimen enhances the anxiogenic effects of cocaine. This enhanced anxiogenic effectFwhich was verified in Experiment 3 using another model of anxiety, the light-dark testFmay explain the reduced reinforcing value of cocaine observed in THC-exposed rats in Experiment 1.

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“…The role of early onset of drug use and progression to initial and problematic use of other drugs also has been studied in some detail (e.g., Kandel 1985;Anthony and Petronis 1995;Grant 1998;Grant and Dawson 1998). However, what is especially novel about the present study is its new look at both the cumulative and instantaneous risk of drug dependence in relation to time elapsed since first use of marijuana and cocaine, with alcohol for comparison.…”

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confidence: 96%

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

Wagner

Anthony

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

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The focal point of this paper is the transition from drug use to drug dependence. We present new evidence on risk for starting to use marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol, as well as risks for progression from first drug use to the onset of drug dependence, separately for each of these drugs. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) were analyzed. The NCS had a representative sample of the United States population ages 15-54 years (n ϭ 8,098In an earlier report of evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey, our research group described some interesting features about the comparative epidemiology of drug dependence. For example, as a summary population average value for the estimated millions of Americans age 15-54 years who had tried cocaine at least one time by the early 1990s, about one in six had become dependent upon cocaine (about 16-17% NO . 4 marijuana at least one time, about one in 11 had become dependent upon it (about 9%). By comparison, among persons who had tried alcoholic beverages at least once, about one in 6 or 7, or 15%, had become alcohol dependent (Anthony et al. 1994). In the present study, we extend this look at the comparative epidemiology of drug dependence, but here our focus is upon estimation of the age-specific and time-specific risks of progression from first drug use to dependence, separately for marijuana, cocaine, and (for comparison) alcoholic beverages (hereinafter, 'alcohol').Prior studies have conveyed estimates of age-specific risk for first alcohol use and alcohol dependence, as well as risk estimates for initiation of illicit use and dependence on controlled drugs in general (e.g., Kandel and Logan 1984;Eaton et al. 1989;Warner et al. 1995;Chen and Kandel 1995;Johnson and Gerstein 1998;Perkonigg et al. 1999;DeWit et al. 2000). The role of early onset of drug use and progression to initial and problematic use of other drugs also has been studied in some detail (e.g., Kandel 1985;Anthony and Petronis 1995;Grant 1998;Grant and Dawson 1998). However, what is especially novel about the present study is its new look at both the cumulative and instantaneous risk of drug dependence in relation to time elapsed since first use of marijuana and cocaine, with alcohol for comparison.Whereas epidemiological studies of this type generally are regarded as valid sources of evidence, it is possible that some critics might call into question the validity or reliability of drug dependence assessments obtained in large-sample survey research as compared with what can be obtained via intensive clinical study of smaller samples (e.g., see Anthony et al. 1985;Brugha et al. 1999). Nonetheless, at least with respect to the drug dependence syndromes, recent empirical research provides evidence that epidemiologic studies can and do provide generally valid and reliable estimates of the occurrence of these conditions, as well as their corresponding ages of onset (e.g., see Prusoff et al. 1988;Langenbucher et al. 1994;Shillington et al. 1995;Wittchen et al. 1989Wittchen et al. , 1998Wittchen et ...

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Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use

Cited by 984 publications

References 10 publications

Early Onset Cannabis Use and Progression to other Drug Use in a Sample of Dutch Twins

Early Onset Cannabis Use and Progression to other Drug Use in a Sample of Dutch Twins

Previous Exposure to THC Alters the Reinforcing Efficacy and Anxiety-Related Effects of Cocaine in Rats

From First Drug Use to Drug Dependence Developmental Periods of Risk for Dependence upon Marijuana, Cocaine, and Alcohol

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