Staging of renal cell carcinoma: current progress and potential advances

Delahunt, Brett; Eble, John N.; Samaratunga, Hemamali; Thunders, Michelle; Yaxley, John; Egevad, Lars

doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2020.08.007

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The 2017 TNM classification is recommended for clinical and scientific staging. The prognostic value of the TNM classification has been validated in both single-and multiinstitution studies [28].…”

Section: Tnm Classification Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(radius, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness of tumor to the collecting system or sinus in millimeters, anterior/posterior, location relative to polar lines) nephrometry score, among others, aim to standardise renal tumours and aid comparison of treatment strategies [29]. Histological factors include RCC subtype, tumour grade, sarcomatoid features, vascular invasion, tumour necrosis, invasion of the collecting system, and perirenal fat [28]. Comparing different RCC subtypes, pRCC type I has a significantly lower risk of death in comparison to ccRCC and pRCC type II in the nonmetastatic setting [30].…”

Section: Prognostic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2019 Update

et al. 2019

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Section: Tnm Classification Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prognostic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2019 Update

et al. 2019

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“…Unfortunately, it has a high recurrence rate even after surgical removal and chemotherapy or radiotherapy and chemotherapy [6]. Even with time, the rate of drug resistance is increasing thus having a high metastasis rate and poor prognosis [22][23][24]. Overall, the therapeutic outcomes in advanced-stage tumors are not convincing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation of HK2 Gene Expression with the Occurrence, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Liu

Huang

et al. 2022

Disease Markers

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Objectives. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is one of the key factors involved in the development of several human cancers. However, its role in immune cell infiltration (ICI) and tumor development in renal cell carcinoma is not yet known. Thus, we aimed to explore its relationship with ICI, overall survival, and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Methods. In this study, RNA-seq data from renal cancer and normal tissues were extracted from TCGA and the relationship between HK2 expression and pathological features of RCC patients was analyzed using the GEPIA and UALCAN databases. Subsequently, Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to analyze the protein and mRNA expression of HK2 in renal cell carcinoma tissues and cell lines. Lastly, various bioinformatics tools were applied to determine the immune cell infiltration, survival, and developing prediction model. Results. The analysis of RNA-seq data revealed a high expression of HK2 in renal cell carcinoma; furthermore, Western blot and qRT-PCR also showed high expression of HK2 in renal cancer tissues and cell lines. The high expression of HK2 showed a significant positive correlation with the advanced stage of the tumor, lymph node metastasis, and worst survival in renal carcinoma patients. The high expression of HK2 was further identified as an independent risk factor of RCC patients; it also showed a significant positive immune cell infiltration RCC tumor microenvironment including macrophages, B cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and CD8+ T cells. Conclusion. the expression of HK2 is positively correlated with the immune cell infiltration and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma patients, thus playing an important role in renal cancer development.

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“…After univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, we obtained five 16), tumor size is an important basis for T1 and T2 staging. Brett et al (17) reported that almost all tumors >7 cm in diameter and a substantial proportion of tumors <7 cm in diameter showed extrarenal spread. This suggests that the larger the tumor diameter, the higher the degree of malignancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nomograms for Predicting Overall Survival and Cancer-Specific Survival of Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and Venous Tumor Thrombus: A Population-Based Study

Yang

2022

Front. Surg.

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BackgroundTo provide better prognostic information for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) combined with venous tumor thrombus (VTT). In turn, guide patients’ families and doctors to formulate plans for follow-up treatment and follow-up. We developed nomograms to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS).MethodsA total of 2961 cases were included in this study. Through univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, independent risk factors affecting CSS and OS were screened out, and then a nomogram was drawn based on the screened variables.ResultsIndependent risk factors affecting CSS include: tumor size (HR = 1.05), histology (HR = 1.75), grade (HR = 1.94), N staging (HR = 2.06), and M staging (HR = 2.87). The median survival time for CSS was 106 months. Independent risk factors for OS include age (HR = 1.60), tumor size (HR = 1.04), histology (HR = 1.60), grade (HR = 1.68), N staging (HR-1.99), M staging (HR = 2.45). The median survival time for OS is 67 months.ConclusionsThe nomogram based on independent risk factors affecting CSS and OS can well predict the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus.

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Staging of renal cell carcinoma: current progress and potential advances

Cited by 34 publications

References 52 publications

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2019 Update

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2019 Update

The Correlation of HK2 Gene Expression with the Occurrence, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Nomograms for Predicting Overall Survival and Cancer-Specific Survival of Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and Venous Tumor Thrombus: A Population-Based Study

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