“…With regard to the latter, service science calls for more investigations on complex environment, where the value is co-created by the interactions of multi-actors (Pinho et al, 2014;Petrescu, 2019). Contextually, public management studies highlight, among critical issues on co-creation that are still underinvestigated, the engagement of citizens as co-designers or co-implementers as well as the outcome of co-creation within the democratic sphere (Voorberg et al, 2015;Best et al, 2019). Moreover, the multi-actor theory of public value co-creation addresses research to provide more evidence on the accuracy and the effectiveness of the updated "Strategic Triangle" framework within complex environment (Bryson et al, 2017).…”