Stan Nietrzeźwości Jako „afekt” W Rzymskim Prawie Karnym?

Abstract

Drunkenness – a “Passion” in Roman Criminal Law?SummarySince ancient times jurists and lawyers have had to handle offencesconnected with alcohol abuse. There are only three texts on drunkenness in the Roman legal sources: two relate to offences committed byinebriate soldiers, and the third contains the basic division into intentional offences, accidental offences, and crimes of passion. In all threecategories drunkenness was a mitigating factor, which may be surprising for modern lawyers. Other Roman sources present public opinionon drinking, which seems to have depended on the circumstances– heavy drinking and alcoholism were disapproved of. A precise analysis of the rhetorical writings shows elaborate distinctions betweenintentional and unintentional acts. Drunkenness was regarded as anemotional state which could influence the penalty, but the specific circumstances of the offence were crucial. The rhetorical works confirmthe views presented in poetry and philosophy. Contrary to the legalsources, the facts seem to show that a judge could sentence an offenderto a severe or mild punishment, or even acquit him if drunkenness hadbeen a factor contributing to the offence. The rhetorical works may beconsidered to provide not only an important theoretical background tothe legal sources, but also crucial supplementary information givinga better insight into Roman criminal law.

Modelling of σ Scorpii, a high-mass binary with a β Cep variable primary component

“…An extensive photometric study of the system was presented by Goossens et al (1984) based on the observations collected by Van Hoof (1966) in the ultraviolet (UV), yellow (Y), and blue (B) light. The authors reported on the light variability in all three pass-bands with the same two dominant modes as found by Kubiak & Seggewiss (1983). On the other hand, the colour variations revealed only one dominant frequency f 1 =4.05118 d −1 (46.87215 µHz).…”

“…Two out of the eight frequencies, the dominant mode f 1 =4.05111 d −1 (46.87132 µHz) and f 2 =4.17588 d −1 (48.31495 µHz), were found to be independent modes whereas the other six frequencies appeared as their low-order combination terms (including harmonics). Based on the analysis of both photoelectric (taken in ubvy Stromgren system) and spectroscopic data, Kubiak & Seggewiss (1983) found non-radial pulsations to be the most reasonable explanation of the observed variability.…”