Stand-off spectroscopy for the detection of chemical warfare agents

Clewes, Rhea J.; Howle, Christopher R.; Stothard, David J. M.; Dunn, Malcolm H.; Robertson, Gordon; Miller, W. David; Malcolm, Graeme P. A.; Maker, Gareth T.; Cox, Richard F.; Williams, Brad; Russell, Matt

doi:10.1117/12.974574

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A number of portable standoff instruments have been constructed as military prototypes. [398][399][400][401][402] The exciting sources used have been frequency quadrupled or quintupled semi-conductor lasers, as well as hollow cathode lasers. The development of a true handheld deep-UV excitation Raman spectrometer would depend on a compact, energy-efficient, reliable source, and this is now just about feasible.…”

Section: Raman Spectrometer Technologies and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Spectroscopy

Crocombe¹

2018

Appl Spectrosc

403

233

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Until very recently, handheld spectrometers were the domain of major analytical and security instrument companies, with turnkey analyzers using spectroscopic techniques from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis (metals), to Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared (NIR) for molecular analysis (mostly organics). However, the past few years have seen rapid changes in this landscape with the introduction of handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), smartphone spectroscopy focusing on medical diagnostics for low-resource areas, commercial engines that a variety of companies can build up into products, hyphenated or dual technology instruments, low-cost visible-shortwave NIR instruments selling directly to the public, and, most recently, portable hyperspectral imaging instruments. Successful handheld instruments are designed to give answers to non-scientist operators; therefore, their developers have put extensive resources into reliable identification algorithms, spectroscopic libraries or databases, and qualitative and quantitative calibrations. As spectroscopic instruments become smaller and lower cost, ''engines'' have emerged, leading to the possibility of being incorporated in consumer devices and smart appliances, part of the Internet of Things (IOT). This review outlines the technologies used in portable spectroscopy, discusses their applications, both qualitative and quantitative, and how instrument developers and vendors have approached giving actionable answers to non-scientists. It outlines concerns on crowdsourced data, especially for heterogeneous samples, and finally looks towards the future in areas like IOT, emerging technologies for instruments, and portable hyphenated and hyperspectral instruments.

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Section: Raman Spectrometer Technologies and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Spectroscopy

Crocombe¹

2018

Appl Spectrosc

403

233

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“…Collection of samples in daylight, for instance, can lead to an enormous amount of ambient light reaching the detector if it is operated constantly, such as it would when the operator is using a continuous wave laser source. Issues with this can be alleviated via the use of pulsed lasers and time-gated detectors that are synchronized to the laser pulses, so that they are operating only when the laser is emitting. , Another possible solution to operation in daylight is to choose wavelengths that are in the so-called solar blind region in the UV region at wavelengths shorter than 260 nm . Using UV lasers with a wavelength shorter than 250 nm also has the added benefit of avoiding the fluorescence associated with biological samples …”

Section: Stand-off and Robotic Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of studies have examined the use of Raman for detecting chemical hazards, such as might be found in a chemical spill or possible explosive material, including the use of conventional RS to detect 60 μL of nitrogen mustard deposited on concrete at a distance of 10 m using a commercially available system from DeltaNu . The same system has also been used to detect explosive materials at a distance of 25 m …”

Section: Stand-off and Robotic Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Scattering Techniques for Defense and Security Applications

et al. 2020

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“…Two principal subsystems make up the NCI: a broadly tunable intracavity optical parametric oscillator (ICOPO) that serves as the active illumination source and a galvanometer-based raster scanning system for image acquisition. [6][7][8][9] The intracavity approach confers two key advantages. First, the circulating power inside the cavity is much higher than outside, thereby reducing the pump-laser power requirements and those of the overall system.…”

Section: Figure 2 Thiodiglycol (Tdg) a Chemical Warfare Agent Simulmentioning

confidence: 99%