Standard apparatus for the study of animal motivation.

Jenkins, Tom; Warner, Lucien H.; Warden, C. J.

doi:10.1037/h0074447

Cited by 58 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…They found that in rats that have undergone this punishment procedure, opiate (remifentanil) seeking resumed after a priming injection of heroin. Similarly, Katzir et al (2006) assessed resumption of cocaine-seeking rats using a conflict procedure based on early work of Warden and colleagues (Jenkins et al 1926;Warden 1931). After cocaine self-administration was eliminated by electrification of the grid near the lever, noncontingent exposure to cocaine-priming injections or noncontingent exposure to a discrete tone-light cue led to resumption of lever responding.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toward a model of drug relapse: an assessment of the validity of the reinstatement procedure

Epstein

Preston

Stewart³

et al. 2006

Psychopharmacology

585

474

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We find that the reinstatement model has adequate criterion validity in the broad sense of the term, as evidenced by the fact that reinstatement in laboratory animals is induced by conditions reported to provoke relapse in humans. The model's criterion validity in the narrower sense, as a medication screen, seems promising for relapse to heroin, nicotine, and alcohol. For relapse to cocaine, criterion validity has not yet been established primarily because clinical studies have examined medication's effects on reductions in cocaine intake rather than relapse during abstinence. The model's construct validity faces more substantial challenges and is yet to be established, but we argue that some of the criticisms of the model in this regard may have been overstated.

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Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toward a model of drug relapse: an assessment of the validity of the reinstatement procedure

Epstein

Preston

Stewart³

et al. 2006

Psychopharmacology

585

474

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“…Aver-FISH TELENCEPHALON AND LEARNING aging the first, second, etc., trial each day over 5 days, the mean times on trials 1 and 10 were not different in either group; thus there was no evidence of satiation as gauged by speed of running, a common measure of motivation (e.g., see Crespi, 1944). Another test of motivation is to interpose a noxious stimulus (usually shock) between the animal and its food, and to see how much of this stimulus the animal will endure to reach food (e.g., see Jenkins et at., 1926). Applying this to the situation just outlined, Savage found that the voltage at which fish would no longer run was lower in operated than in normal fish, but not significantly so.…”

Section: Feedingmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Fish Telencephalon and Its Relation to Learning

Savage

1980

Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon

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“…To mimic the aversive components of the drug seeking period, we have begun to develop a conflict model of relapse. The basic concept of this model is similar to that of the 'Columbia Obstruction Box' method, which has been used many years ago to assess rats' motivation to obtain rewards under different deprivation conditions in the presence of an 'electric barrier' (Jenkins et al 1926;Olds and Olds 1958;Warden 1931). Our model was also inspired by results of more recent studies in which motivation to seek and take drugs was assessed in the presence of aversive stimuli (Deroche-Gamonet et al 2004;Vanderschuren and Everitt 2004;Wolffgramm and Heyne 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

A conflict rat model of cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking

et al. 2007

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Rationale and objective-Relapse to drug use in humans can be induced by exposure to drugassociated cues. The ability of drug cues to provoke 'relapse' has been studied in laboratory animals using a reinstatement model in which resumption of drug seeking is assessed after extinction of drug-reinforced responding. In this model, there are no adverse consequences of drug-seeking behavior. However, in humans abstinence is often self-imposed, and relapse episodes likely involve making a choice between the desire for the drug and the negative consequences of pursuing it (a conflict situation). Here, we describe a conflict model of cueinduced relapse in rats that approximate the human condition.Methods-Rats were trained to lever-press for cocaine; infusions were paired with a discrete light-cue. An 'electric barrier' was then introduced by electrifying the floor area near the levers. Responding decreased over days with increasing shock intensities, until the rats did not approach the levers for 3 days. Subsequently, the effect of intermittent non-contingent-light-cue presentations on resumption of lever responding (relapse) was assessed in extinction tests, with the electric barrier remaining activated; during testing lever-presses led to contingent light-cue presentations.Results-Non-contingent cue exposure led to resumption of lever presses during the relapse tests in 14 of the 24 rats. Surprisingly, 24 h later, 11 of the 24 rats resumed lever responding in a subsequent post non-contingent cue test under similar extinction conditions. Large individual differences in responding were observed during both tests.Conclusions-At its current stage of development, the conflict relapse model appears particularly suitable for studying individual differences in cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking or factors that promote this relapse. KeywordsAnimal models; Drug cues; Cocaine self-administration; Reinstatement; Relapse Cocaine addiction is characterized by high rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence (Mendelson and Mello 1996). In humans, cocaine relapse and craving can be induced by acute exposure to cues previously associated with cocaine use (O'Brien 2005). The ability of cocaine cues to provoke 'relapse' to drug use has been studied in laboratory animals using different variations of a reinstatement model (Shaham et al. 2003). Typically, in these studies laboratory animals are trained to lever-press for drug infusions in the presence of distinct cues (e.g., tone, light, specific odors); then, following extinction of lever responding in the absence of the drug cues, non-reinforced resumption of pressing on the drug-

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Standard apparatus for the study of animal motivation.

Cited by 58 publications

References 8 publications

Toward a model of drug relapse: an assessment of the validity of the reinstatement procedure

Toward a model of drug relapse: an assessment of the validity of the reinstatement procedure

The Fish Telencephalon and Its Relation to Learning

A conflict rat model of cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking

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