Standard Levels of Energy Losses in Primary Distribution Circuits for SCADA Application

Risks of Terrorism to Information Technology and to Critical Interdependent Infrastructures

“…SCADA systems are used to classify the energy losses of each of the distribution circuits online, and to detect those circuits that surpass the standard normal level of losses at any specific time. This situation has challenged planners and operators due to the associated technical and economic implications, and the fact that SCADA systems have become an important medium with which to control such failures [Khodr et al 2002]. It follows that any malicious tampering with the SCADA system (by inducing and masking energy losses) can yield disastrous consequences for safety-critical systems.…”

Modified stochastic estimation of load dependent energy losses in electric distribution networks

“…Therefore, today stochastic methods of power and energy losses estimation are the most effective [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. These include an approach based on a row of national directives [1], a RBF network method based on a self-adaptive clustering algorithm [7], the application of statistical procedure for the standardization of level of energy losses based on SCADA [8], and some combinative methods [9][10][11]. There is no universal method for power loss estimation on the base of limited information about the actual operation states of electrical equipment in distribution networks [1].…”