Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water

Ramires, M. L. V.; Castro, C. A. Nieto de; Nagasaka, Y.; Nagashima, Akira; Assael, Marc J.; Wakeham, W. A.

doi:10.1063/1.555963

Cited by 493 publications

(219 citation statements)

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“…The thermal conductivity of the water increased for a reaction temperature below 100 C (Ramires et al, 1995), and maintained a constant value at the reaction temperature from 100 to 150 C while decreasing at temperatures above 150 C. Although the thermal conductivity of the dewatered sludge showed a low value of 0.230 W/mÁ C at the initial stage, as shown in Figure 4b, the thermal conductivity increased rapidly from 130 C as the bound water changed into free water. The thermal conductivity of sludge was 0.704 W/mÁ C, which was 4% higher than that of the water when the dewatered sludge changed into liquid slurry as shown in Figure 2g, due to the thermal hydrolysis reaction above 200 C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In Figure 5, thermal conductivity of water is the reported value (Kirillov, 2006;Ramires et al, 1995), and the thermal conductivity of sludge was determined using eq 3 with the temperature difference value from Figure 4a. Heat transfer was accomplished by conduction (not by convection) because a convection resister plate was installed in the reaction container.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature difference (ÁT) between the center of the heating block and the special point in the radial direction was used. The thermal conductivity measuring apparatus was calibrated by measuring the temperature difference of water as the standard material (Kirillov, 2006;Ramires et al, 1995) between the center point and radial directional locations, related to reaction temperature. By applying the same method used with the water to the sludge, the thermal conductivity of sewage sludge was determined using eq 3.…”

Section: Calculation Of Thermal Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Thermal conductivity characteristics of dewatered sewage sludge by thermal hydrolysis reaction

Song

Park

Han

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The purpose of this study is to quantify the thermal conductivity of sewage sludge related to reaction temperature for the optimal design of a thermal hydrolysis reactor. We continuously quantified the thermal conductivity of dewatered sludge related to the reaction temperature. As the reaction temperature increased, the dewatered sludge is thermally liquefied under high temperature and pressure by the thermal hydrolysis reaction. Therefore, the bound water in the sludge cells comes out as free water, which changes the dewatered sludge from a solid phase to slurry in a liquid phase. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the sludge was more than 2.64 times lower than that of the water at 20 . However, above 200 , it became 0.704 W/m C, which is about 4% higher than that of water. As a result, the change in physical properties due to thermal hydrolysis appears to be an important factor for heat transfer efficiency.Implications: The thermal conductivity of dewatered sludge is an important factor the optimal design of a thermal hydrolysis reactor. The dewatered sludge is thermally liquefied under high temperature and pressure by the thermal hydrolysis reaction. The liquid phase slurry has a higher thermal conductivity than pure water.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calculation Of Thermal Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal conductivity characteristics of dewatered sewage sludge by thermal hydrolysis reaction

Song

Park

Han

et al. 2014

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Therefore, based on Eq. (4), it can be found that the convective heat transfer coefficient (α f ) is only affected by the water thermal conductivity and increases roughly by 7% as the temperature rises from 40 to 70 ºC [16]. However, the flux at 70 ºC was 2.8 times of the flux at 40 ºC.…”

Section: Influence Of Module Design On Vmd Performancementioning

confidence: 98%

Influence of module design and membrane compressibility on VMD performance

Zhang

Duke

et al. 2013

Journal of Membrane Science

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Six modules with different packing densities and lengths were fabricated for conducting vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) experiments. The performances of the modules with different packing densities showed similar results for flux at different temperature and feed velocities. However, shorter modules show both higher flux and global mass transfer coefficient than that of longer modules. It was also found that the increased flux at higher velocity was largely due to the increased average feed temperature rather than reduced temperature polarisation. The flux decay in this study was considered to be caused by gradual compression of the membrane which was confirmed by a compression test. This phenomenon should be noted in the study of VMD, since the pressure difference across the membrane is in general more than 100 kPa and the porosity of the membrane is in general high which results in reduced mechanical strength.

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“…Figure 11 shows the thermal conductivity of nanolubricants measured in comparison to those of water and 10 wt% glycerol. It is observed that water presents the highest thermal conductivity among all the liquids, showing a value of around 0.6 W/mK at an ambient temperature of 23 °C [31]. A possible reason is that a concentration of 10 wt% glycerol has very low thermal conductivity (0.29 W/mK) [32], which may greatly lower down the thermal conductivity of water-based solutions.…”

Section: Grain Refinement Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation and Lubrication Mechanism of Water-Based Nanolubricants Containing Nano-TiO2 in Hot Steel Rolling

Zhao

Luo

et al. 2018

Lubricants

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Hot rolling tests of a low-alloy steel were conducted at a rolling temperature of 850 • C under different lubrication conditions, including benchmarks (dry condition and water) and water-based nanolubricants containing different concentrations of nano-TiO 2 from 1.0 to 8.0 wt%. The effects of nanolubricants on rolling force, surface roughness, thickness of oxide scale, and microstructure were systematically investigated through varying nano-TiO 2 concentrations. The results show that the application of nanolubricants can decrease the rolling force, surface roughness and oxide scale thickness of rolled steels, and refine ferrite grains. In particular, the nanolubricant containing an optimal concentration (4.0 wt%) of nano-TiO 2 demonstrates the best lubrication performance, owing to the synergistic effect of lubricating film, rolling, polishing, and mending generated by nano-TiO 2 .

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Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water

Cited by 493 publications

References 0 publications

Thermal conductivity characteristics of dewatered sewage sludge by thermal hydrolysis reaction

Thermal conductivity characteristics of dewatered sewage sludge by thermal hydrolysis reaction

Influence of module design and membrane compressibility on VMD performance

Performance Evaluation and Lubrication Mechanism of Water-Based Nanolubricants Containing Nano-TiO2 in Hot Steel Rolling

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