Standard Values of T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Africa

Kalinkovich, Alexander; Weisman, Z.; Burstein, R; Bentwich, Zvi

doi:10.1097/00042560-199802010-00017

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Furthermore, it is clear that helminth infections in different geographical locations are accompanied by different degrees of immune deficiency and T-cell impairment. Our observations of the Ethiopian immigrants have been confirmed by studies of other helminth-infected populations in India, the Caribbean, and, to a lesser extent, some parts of East Africa, but apparently not to the same extent in West Africa (127,259). The interpretation of these differences is not so clear and probably reflects several additional factors, most of them unknown.…”

Section: Distinctive Features Of Hiv-1 and Helminthic Infectionssupporting

confidence: 53%

Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy

2004

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Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is present also, with very similar characteristics, in very large human populations infested with helminthic infections. We have tried to review the studies addressing the changes in the immune profiles and responses of hosts infected with either one of these two chronic infections. Not surprisingly, several of the immune derangements and impairments seen in HIV infection, and considered by many to be the “specific” effects of HIV, can be found in helminth-infected but HIV-noninfected individuals and can thus be accounted for by the chronic immune activation itself. A less appreciated element in chronic immune activation is the immune suppression and anergy which it may generate. Both HIV and helminth infections represent this aspect in a very wide and illustrative way. Different degrees of anergy and immune hyporesponsiveness are present in these infections and probably have far-reaching effects on the ability of the host to cope with these and other infections. Furthermore, they may have important practical implications, especially with regard to protective vaccinations against AIDS, for populations chronically infected with helminths and therefore widely anergic. The current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anergy by chronic immune activation is thoroughly reviewed

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Section: Distinctive Features Of Hiv-1 and Helminthic Infectionssupporting

confidence: 53%

Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy

2004

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“…So till date Western standards were used for the interpretation of results for treatment decisions and counseling on prognosis, which seems unjustifiable, as it is well known that the normal range of CD4 counts varies among different ethnic groups. [2][3][4][5][6][7] The ability of the immune system to fight the opportunistic infections depend on the basal CD4 levels of a particular population, which has got a gross variability according to ethnic groups. The absolute CD4 value at which a particular individual experience a specific disease syndromes is also dependent on the 'ability' of CD4 cell, which also varies with ethnic group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among Africans, some populations have higher CD4 counts than Caucasians while others have lower CD4 counts. 2 We thus analyse CD4 lymphocyte counts in healthy and HIV-infected north Indian adults in different stages of disease. We proposed a new model for the interpretation of CD4 counts in this population based on our analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: Validity of existing CD4+ classification in north Indians, in predicting immune status

Attili

Sundar

Singh

et al. 2005

Journal of Infection

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“…Our literature searches retrieved no comprehensive set of basic laboratory reference values for clinical chemistry (CC) that was based on data collected from adults in this region. The situation regarding haematology and lymphocyte immunophenotyping (LIP) data is better: there are a few studies that define reference values for adult populations in SSA (Tugume et al 1995;Zekeng et al 1997;Kalinkovich et al 1998;Tsegaye et al 1999;Kassu et al 2001;Menard et al 2003;Urassa et al 2003;Lugada et al 2004;Aina et al 2005). However, we did not find any articles that report haematology reference ranges for Tanzania and only one article that defines LIP ranges for this country (Urassa et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Laboratory reference values for healthy adults from southern Tanzania

Saathoff

Schneider

Kleinfeldt

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

110

128

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Summaryobjectives To define and discuss reference ranges for commonly determined laboratory parameters in healthy adults from southern Tanzania. conclusion Clinical reference ranges determined in developed countries are inadequate for use in SSA. Laboratories in this region should either define their own or use values determined under similar conditions. The ranges reported here are more appropriate for use in SSA than ranges determined in developed countries.

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Standard Values of T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Africa

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy

Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy

RETRACTED: Validity of existing CD4+ classification in north Indians, in predicting immune status

Laboratory reference values for healthy adults from southern Tanzania

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