Standardization of a 204Tl radioactive solution

Dias, Mauro S.; Koskinas, Marina F.

doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(02)00294-4

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Typically, the system for absolute standardization is usually consisted of a gas-flow or pressurized proportional counter with 4π geometry as the α, β, electrons or X-ray detector and coupled to a pair of NaI(Tl) scintillation counters or a semiconductor detector, as γ detectors. The 4πβ-γ coincidence technique has been considered a primary standardization method due to its high accuracy and because it can obtain the radionuclide activity depending only on observables quantities [57,67].…”

Section: (D) the Coincidence Methods By A 4πβ-γ Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several examples for the applications of the coincidence method by a 4πβ-γ system are such as standardization of Ho-166m using the normal gas flow 4πβ-γ coincidence method [69], standardization of Tl-204 using Cs-134 as tracer and a 4πβ-γ coincidence system was used for the calibration [57], directly measured of radionuclides with EC decay schemes, e.g. I-125, Ir-192, Zn-65, and Ce-139 by a LS coincidence extrapolation technique [68], and standardization of Fe-55 using a "dual-tracers" method coupled with a 4πβ-γ coincidence calibration system [62].…”

Section: (D) the Coincidence Methods By A 4πβ-γ Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2. Some examples of absolute standardization of radiopharmaceuicals and related radioisotopes [17,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] The theoretical counting efficiency, i.e. counts/disintegration or counts per minute/disintegration per minute (cpm/dpm), for a radionuclide can be used to examine the absolute activity, in disintegration or disintegration per minute (dpm) of the radionuclide.…”

Section: Audit Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A germanium spectrometer was calibrated for the standardization of Pb-210 using Am-241 as a normalizing agent has been proposed [58]. Instead, Dias et al chose Cs-134 as an efficiency tracer to standardize Tl-204 as well as a 4πβ-γ coincidence system for the calibration [57]. This method can be also successfully used for the standardization of radionuclides such as Ir-192, Zn-65, Mn-54, with the detection of the β rays, Auger electrons, X rays, in the proportional counter (PC) [60].…”

Section: Audit Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quality by Design and Risk Assessment for Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Imaging

Liu¹,

Jian-hua²,

Men³

et al. 2012

Latest Research Into Quality Control

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IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO) and European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). The attributes of the components in the quality system (QA/QC), including organization, staffing and personnel, facilities, instrumentation and equipment, operation procedure, radiopharmaceuticals, protocol and conduct of a study or a treatment, records and reports, and audit framework were further characterized. Assessments and comparisons of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for assuring accurate radioactive dosimetry calculation in the efficiency tracing of absolute activity measurement and patient-and technologistrelated risks for nuclear medicine imaging including Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Computed Tomography (CT), PET/CT, and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) were identified. Quality system design based on the Requirements and Guidelines Quality policy and systemThe quality system by design for radiopharmaceuticals and clinical imaging techniques is aimed to maintain and improve the qualified service for the patients, fulfill the regulatory requirements, optimize the safety and efficacy for patient care, demonstrate a proper equipment operating condition, and obtain a reliable quantitative performance in both diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures [4,5]. The pursuit of excellence in quality system is not a single action over a short period, instead, it is achieved through the whole life cycle of instruments, analytical methods or education for example, from planning and procurement to decommissioning based on advanced technology [6]. Continuous quality improvement implies a commitment to continuously struggle to advance based on state-ofthe-art information and techniques developed by the nuclear medicine and metrology community at large [5].Implementation of a quality system must be in accordance with the quality police, i.e. the overall quality intentions and direction of an organization, as formally expressed by top management. And quality system includes the structure, responsibilities, and procedures for implementing quality management. An integrated infrastructure of quality policy and system design is demonstrated as in Figure 1, which is mainly developed from the European Standard EN 28402 proposed by Bergmann et al. [7]. The attributes of the components in the quality sub-system (QA/QC), e.g. organization, personnel, facilities, instrumentation, operation procedures, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, protocol and conduct, records and reports, and audit or inspection, were further integrated and classified in this article.

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Section: (D) the Coincidence Methods By A 4πβ-γ Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (D) the Coincidence Methods By A 4πβ-γ Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Audit Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Audit Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Quality by Design and Risk Assessment for Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Imaging

Liu¹,

Jian-hua²,

Men³

et al. 2012

Latest Research Into Quality Control

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show abstract

“…Systems and procedures used here were also applied to other radionuclide standardization works [4,5] and activation cross-section measurements [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%