“…">ModelWith the progress of the automotive technology, it will help to cover the limited power output of the car-roof PV so that most of the private cars will be able to run by solar energy equipped with highefficiency and 3-D curved solar panels [1-3], and will overcome the loss mentioned above. To do so, the conventional IEC 60904 international standard series for PV electrical characterization, now focusing on 2-D flat panels, will need to expand to 3-D shaped PV modules [1,5,[16][17][18][19][20]. We attempt to define 3-D solar irradiation and rating to the 3-D curved solar panels.…”