Standardization of the Preparation and Quantitation of Water-accommodated Fractions of Petroleum for Toxicity Testing

Singer, Michael M.; Aurand, Don; Bragin, Gail E.; Clark, James R.; Coelho, Gina M.; Sowby, Michael L.; Tjeerdema, Ronald S.

doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00045-x

Cited by 401 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…There have been many reports that CEWAF has a higher toxicity than WAF, being consistent with this study (Singer et al, 2000;Barron et al, 2003;Lee et al, 2013). The results of this study also indicate that the UV radiation has greatly enhanced the toxicity of crude oil, which is consistent with previous reports that hydrocarbons contained in crude oil can cause phototoxicity (Pelletier et al, 1997;Calfee et al, 1999;Little et al, 2000;Barron et al, 2003;Saco-Álvarez et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Singer et al (2000) suggested the standard methods for effectively evaluate the toxicity of WAF and CEWAF capable of simulating the oil spill in wild conditions. Although there were several studies on the toxicity of WAF and CEWAF on aquatic organisms (Adams et al, 1999;Gulec and Holdway, 2000;Couillard et al 2004;Koyama and Kakuno, 2004;Fuller et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2012), phototoxicity of oil and oil compounds (Farwell et al, 2006), and the combined effects of UV radiation and dispersant on toxicity of oil (Barron et al, 2003), most of which focused with the early life stage of fishes and shrimps.…”

Section: Hebei Spiritmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the toxicity of water-accommodated fraction and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction of Hebei Spirit crude oil to the embryonic development of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum

Lee¹,

Sung²,

Kang³

et al. 2013

The Korean Journal of Malacology

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of oil dispersant and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the toxicity of crude oil. The toxicity of water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CEWAF) of Hebei Spirit crude oil was investigated in the embryo of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum with-and without ultraviolet radiation. The WAF and CEWAF with-and without UV radiation affected significantly the embryonic development of R. philippinarum. The EC50s of WAF without UV, WAF with UV, CEWAF without UV, and CEWAF with UV were 2.82, 0.79, 1.60, and 0.45 g/L, respectively. CEWAF was 1.6 times more toxic than WAF. UV radiation increased crude oil toxicity to 3.6 times for both WAF and CEWAF. The oil dispersant and UV radiation did not affect the acute toxicity to the embryo but retarded the period of embryonic development up to 26%. R. philippinarum proved to be a sensitive species to reflect the toxic effects of oil spill combined with oil dispersant and UV radiation. It is suggested that the chemical analyses on the WAF and CEWAF is important for the identification and quantitative explanation of the phototoxic compounds in crude oil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Hebei Spiritmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the toxicity of water-accommodated fraction and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction of Hebei Spirit crude oil to the embryonic development of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum

Lee¹,

Sung²,

Kang³

et al. 2013

The Korean Journal of Malacology

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“…Diesel fuel was purchased at a PETROBRAS petrol station and WAF was obtained according to Singer et al (2000) with minor modifications. Briefly, one part (1 L) of fresh diesel fuel was diluted with nine parts (9 L) of 0.45 μm-filtered seawater (salinity 25) in a sealed 14 L glass flask which was protected from light, in order to minimize evaporation and degradation of the fuel components.…”

Section: Oyster Collection and Chemical Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key metabolic pathways involved in xenobiotic biotransformation and stress responses revealed by transcriptomics of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea brasiliana

et al. 2015

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Key metabolic pathways involved in xenobiotic biotransformation and stress responses revealed by transcriptomics of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea brasiliana.Aquatic Toxicology http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.aquatox.2015.06.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights-Thetranscriptome of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea brasilianawas sequenced.-The sequencing effort dramatically expanded the existing cDNA sequences available for the species.-Global analysis for transcription in the oyster treated with phenanthrene, diesel and domestic sewage was performed.-The pollutants altered mRNAs for genes in biotransformation, antioxidant and stress response pathways. Abstract 2The Brazilian oyster Crassostrea brasiliana was challenged to three common environmental contaminants: phenanthrene, diesel fuel water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and domestic sewage. Total RNA was extracted from the gill and digestive gland, and cDNA libraries were sequenced using the 454 FLX pla orm. The assembled transcriptome resulted in ˜20,000contigs, which were annotated to produce the first de novo transcriptome for C. brasiliana.Sequences were screened to identify genes potentially involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics and associated antioxidant defence mechanisms. These gene families included those of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450), 70kDa heat shock, antioxidants, such as glutathione Stransferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and also multi-drug resistance proteins. Analysis showed that the massive expansion of the CYP450 and HSP70 family due to gene duplication identified in the Crassostrea gigas genome also occurred in C. brasiliana, suggesting these processes form the base of the Crassostrea lineage. Preliminary expression analyses revealed several candidates biomarker genes that were up-regulated during each of the three treatments, suggesting the potential for environmental monitoring.

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“…The water-soluble fraction of diesel (WSF) was prepared strictly according to the methodology described by Singer et al (2000). Initially, a 5-g sample of diesel oil was weighed and transferred to a 1-L volumetric flask, which was filled with water from the acclimation tank to the 1-L mark.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of diesel in Prochilodus vimboidesKner (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

et al. 2013

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Diesel oil can be a source of contamination in aquatic environments, mainly as a result of spills. The effects of the watersoluble fraction of diesel (WSF) on Prochilodus vimboides were assessed. Fish were exposed to three different WSF dilutions for up to 96 h and were compared to a control group. Damages in the fragments of DNA were analyzed using the Comet assay. The presence of erytrocyts abnormalities was assessed by micronucleus test. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and the accumulation of copper in gills were also analyzed. Fish exposed for 96 h had higher rates of damage than those exposed for 24 h. There was no significant difference regarding the presence of micronuclei between exposed and control fish and between 24-h and 96-h exposures. For AST, no significant difference was observed between samples collected at the two exposure times. Fish exposed to a 1:100 dilution of WSF showed higher activity of the enzyme ALT than the control fish after a 24-h exposure period. There was no bioaccumulation of copper in the gills. We conclude that the genotoxic effects of WSF in the cells are more evident in P. vimboides during an acute exposure.O óleo diesel pode ser uma fonte de contaminação em ambientes aquáticos, principalmente como resultado de derrames acidentais. Foram avaliados os efeitos da fração solúvel do óleo diesel (FSO) em Prochilodus vimboides. Os peixes foram expostos a três diferentes diluições da FSO por até 96 horas e comparados com um grupo controle. Os danos nos fragmentos de DNA foram analisados utilizando o ensaio Cometa. A presença de anormalidades nos eritrócitos foi avaliada pelo teste do micronúcleo. A atividade da Aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e da acumulação de cobre nas brânquias também foram analisados. Os peixes expostos por 96 h tiveram maiores taxas de danos do que aqueles expostos por 24 h. Não houve diferença significativa quanto à presença de micronúcleos entre os peixes expostos e controle e entre 24 e 96 h exposições. Para AST, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as amostras coletadas em dois tempos de exposição. Os peixes expostos a uma diluição de 1:100 do FSO apresentaram maior atividade da enzima ALT do que os peixes do controle após um período de exposição de 24 horas. Não houve bioacumulação de cobre nas brânquias. Os efeitos genotóxicos nas células foram os mais evidentes em P. vimboides durante a exposição aguda a FSO.

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Standardization of the Preparation and Quantitation of Water-accommodated Fractions of Petroleum for Toxicity Testing

Cited by 401 publications

References 16 publications

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the toxicity of water-accommodated fraction and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction of Hebei Spirit crude oil to the embryonic development of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the toxicity of water-accommodated fraction and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction of Hebei Spirit crude oil to the embryonic development of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum

Key metabolic pathways involved in xenobiotic biotransformation and stress responses revealed by transcriptomics of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea brasiliana

Acute toxicity of the water-soluble fraction of diesel in Prochilodus vimboidesKner (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae)

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