Standardized induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by intracranial pressure monitoring

Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Causes Early and Long-Lasting Microarterial Constriction and Microthrombosis: An in-vivo Microscopy Study

“…), indicating a comparable severity of SAH in all animals investigated. The overall mortality was 29% (9/31), well in agreement with our previously published results in C57/BL6 mice (Feiler et al, 2010;Schö ller et al, 2011).…”

“…The current study helps to answer some of these questions due to technical advantages, which were not previously available. The experiments were performed in an animal model, which resembles clinical SAH as closely as possible, i.e., the endovascular perforation model (Bederson et al, 1995;Feiler et al, 2010). In analogy to SAH in humans, the endovascular model produces a vascular lesion at the skull base, which results in an immediate increase in ICP, a decrease in CPP and the selflimiting development of a hematoma due to decreasing cerebral blood flow (Bederson et al, 1995).…”

“…In comparison with previous studies which described post hemorrhagic microvasospasm ex vivo by histology on fixed tissue or by casting techniques (Ohkuma et al, 1997;Sehba et al, 2007), the current study using in-vivo microscopy has the intrinsic advantages of studying vessels in the living brain, to be able to study the whole vascular tree of the MCA, to observe dynamic changes, e.g., thrombus formation, and to uncover dynamic interactions, e.g., vasoconstriction and microthrombosis. Finally, the current study was performed in a recently improved mouse SAH model (Feiler et al, 2010). Mice have a translucent dura mater and therefore allow the visualization of the subarachnoid/pial microcirculation without durotomy (Kataoka et al, 2004;Ishikawa et al, 2009;Schwarzmaier et al, 2010).…”

“…A thermostatically regulated, feedback-controlled heating pad (FHC, Bowdoinham, ME, USA) was used to maintain body temperature at 371C. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured in each animal for 15 minutes after SAH using a microchip-based pressure transducer (Johnson & Johnson Medical Limited, Berkshire, UK) to prove successful induction of SAH as recently described in detail (Feiler et al, 2010). Blood gases and electrolytes were determined at the end of each experiment (Table 1).…”

“…Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced using the endovascular perforation technique as described previously (Feiler et al, 2010;Schöller et al, 2011). Briefly, a 5-0 monofilament was introduced via the left external carotid artery into the internal carotid artery and advanced intracranially.…”