Standardized long gamma-ray bursts as a cosmic distance indicator

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous explosions and can be detectable out to the edge of Universe. It has long been thought they can extend the Hubble diagram to very high redshifts. Several correlations between temporal or spectral properties and GRB luminosities have been proposed to make GRBs cosmological tools. However, those correlations cannot be properly standardized. In this paper, we select a long GRB sample with X-ray plateau phases produced by electromagnetic dipole emissions from central new-born magnetars. A tight correlation is found between the plateau luminosity and the end time of the plateau in X-ray afterglows out to the redshift z = 5.91. We standardize these long GRBs X-ray light curves to a universal behavior by this correlation for the first time, with a luminosity dispersion of 0.5 dex. The derived distance-redshift relation of GRBs is in agreement with the standard ΛCDM model both at low and high redshifts. The evidence of accelerating universe from this GRB sample is 3σ, which is the highest statistical significance from GRBs to date.

Standardizing Platinum Dainotti-correlated gamma-ray bursts, and using them with standardized Amati-correlated gamma-ray bursts to constrain cosmological model parameters

“…−5.51 (non-flat XCDM), with central values of each pair being 0.09σ, 0.15σ, and 0.16σ away from each other, respectively. We note that a compilation of (the twoparameter) Dainotti-correlation GRBs, the 31 MD-LGRBs of Wang et al (2021), have a somewhat smaller intrinsic dispersion, σint ∼ 0.303 − 0.306, Table 5 of Cao et al (2022b), than the σint, p ∼ 0.346 − 0.347 of the 50 Platinum GRBs. LGRB data sets (060605, 060906, 061222A, 070306, 080310, 081008, 120404A, 160121A, 160227A, 180329B, 190106A, and 190114A).…”

“…Di Valentino et al 2021b;Perivolaropoulos & Skara 2021). Rezaei et al 2021;Luongo et al 2021), 1 and the main subject of this paper, gamma-ray burst (GRB) measurements that reach to z ∼ 8.2 (Amati et al 2008(Amati et al , 2019Cardone et al 2009;Samushia & Ratra 2010;Cardone et al 2010;Dainotti et al 2013a,b;Postnikov et al 2014;Wang et al 2015Wang et al , 2016Wang et al , 2021Fana Dirirsa et al 2019;Khadka & Ratra 2020c;Hu et al 2021;Demianski et al 2021;Khadka et al 2021c;Luongo et al 2021;Luongo & Muccino 2021;Cao et al 2021a). Some of these probes might eventually allow for a reliable extension of the Hubble diagram to z ∼ 3 − 4, well beyond the reach of Type Ia supernovae.…”

“…GRBs have been detected to z ∼ 9.4 (Cucchiara et al 2011), and might be detectable to z = 20 (Lamb & Reichart 2000), so in principle GRBs could act as a cosmological probe to higher redshifts than 8.2. Cao et al (2022b) recently used the A118 twoparameter Amati-correlated GRB data set (Khadka et al 2021c) and the MD-LGRB, GW-LGRB, and MD-SGRB two-parameter Dainotti-correlated GRB data sets (Wang et al 2021;Hu et al 2021) to constrain cosmological parameters. 2 The circularity problem was circumvented by simultaneously constraining cosmological model parameters and GRB correlation parameters (see Dainotti et al 2013b for a more extended discussion) and the cosmological-modelindependence of the GRB correlation parameters shows that these GRBs are standardizable (Khadka & Ratra 2020c;Cao et al 2022b).…”

Standardizing Dainotti-correlated gamma-ray bursts, and using them with standardized Amati-correlated gamma-ray bursts to constrain cosmological model parameters

“…Recently Wang et al (2021) and Hu et al (2021) have compiled smaller GRB data sets that together probe the redshift range 0.35 ≤ z ≤ 5.91. These are GRBs whose plateau phase luminosity L0 and spin-down characteristic time t b are correlated through the Dainotti (L0 − t b ) correlation relation.…”

“…This correlation between L0 and t b allows one to use these GRBs for cosmological purposes. These GRBs can be classified in two categories depending on whether the plateau phase is dominated by magnetic dipole (MD) radiation or gravitational wave (GW) emission (Wang et al 2021;Hu et al 2021). In this paper we use long and short GRBs whose plateau phase is dominated by MD radiation (hereafter MD-LGRBs and MD-SGRBs) and long GRBs whose plateau phase is dominated by GW emission (hereafter GW-LGRBs).…”