Standardized Methods for Water-Quality Assessment☆

Gordalla, Birgit C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53199-5.00060-9

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Disinfection rates were measured by membrane filtration as described by DIN EN ISO 8199:2007 [18,19]. In this method, microorganisms are collected on a membrane filter and incubated on a specific nutrient pad (Endo for E. coli, Caso for B. subtilis, both from Sartorius (Goettingen, Germany)).…”

Section: Analysis Methods-recovery and Enumeration Of Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Drinking Water Disinfection with UVC-LEDs for Escherichia Coli and Bacillus Subtilis Utilizing Quartz Tubes as Light Guide

Gross

Stangl

Hoenes

et al. 2015

Water

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Abstract:A new approach is investigated utilizing light guidance capabilities of optical pure quartz glass in order to maximize drinking water disinfection efficiency with UVC-light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Two experimental setups consisting of soda-lime AR ® glass (VWR, Darmstadt, Germany) or HSQ ® 100 quartz glass (Heraeus, Wasserburg, Germany) reactors were designed to compare disinfection rates with and without total reflection of UVC radiation along the reactor walls. Each reactor was filled with 9 mL bacteria samples containing either E. coli DSM (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen) 498 or B. subtilis DSM 402 strains (concentration 1-3 × 10 6 colony forming units (CFU)/mL) with and without additional mixing and irradiation periods of 10, 40, and 90 s. Disinfection rates were increased up to 0.95 log10 (E. coli) and 0.75 log10 (B. subtilis) by the light guide approach in stagnant samples. The same experiments with mixing of the samples resulted in an increased disinfection efficiency of 3.07 log10 (E. coli) and 1.59 log10 (B. subtilis). Optical calculations determine that total reflection is achieved with the applied UVC-LED's viewing angle of 15°. Furthermore measurements show that HSQ ® 100 quartz has a transmittance of 92% at 280 nm UVC irradiation compared to the transmittance of soda-lime glass of 2% (1 mm wall thickness).

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Section: Analysis Methods-recovery and Enumeration Of Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Drinking Water Disinfection with UVC-LEDs for Escherichia Coli and Bacillus Subtilis Utilizing Quartz Tubes as Light Guide

Gross

Stangl

Hoenes

et al. 2015

Water

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“…Principles and procedures of standardisation are outlined. Important issues here are validation of methods and estimation of variability of results 15 . Drinking-water supply and quality both have important impacts upon health and socio-economic development and therefore, remain important components of the poverty cycle 16 .…”

Section: Standards Of Potable Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Potable Water Technologies

Baghel¹,

Singh²

2016

Def. Life. Sc. Jl.

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Water is essential to keep up life, especially safe drinking water is one of the first priorities. As water quality is important, many nations endeavor to guard the water and to increase access to potable water. Fortification of water supplies from contamination is the earliest stripe of defence. Water purification is very important aspect, presently there are number of drinking water technologies available mostly based on ion exchange, ultra filtration and reverse osmosis techniques, but still about five million people die annually from water born diseases. The objective of this review is to provide direction on the chemical safety of drinking-water and also monitoring of chemicals in drinking-water. Water treatment potential technologies can solve diverse drinking water issues in case of chemical contamination, which is the second objective. The purpose of this review is to make survey of currently available and future emerging technologies for drinking water. Several purification techniques have been adopted to meet the standards. There is a necessity of wide-ranging global approach to tackle the problem of water pollution devastating thousand of lives annually rather than to develop nuclear and biological weapons. This document will also be useful to public health authorities, those responsible for setting standards and for surveillance of drinking-water quality, and to water supply agencies responsible for water quality management.

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“…This can be carried out in terms of the response of individual species or biological communities to changes in their environment. The physico-chemical aspect of water, normally measured by suitable analytical methods, studies the physical and chemical characteristic of water that is determined by different factors such as climatic conditions, the local geology of the area, soil cover, land use practices and others (Gordalla, 2011). Comprehensive water quality assessment is, therefore, a complex endeavor and involves multiple factors, for example, determination of the hydrological, biological and physicochemical characteristics can be carried out in the field or in the laboratory using varieties of methods and combinations of methods to produce a wide range of data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Another decade of water quality assessment studies in Tanzania: Status, challenges and future prospects

Hellar-Kihampa¹

2017

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Increased population pressure and environmental stressors have amplified research on water quality both locally and globally. In Tanzania, water quality assessment is a mature discipline, with an over four-decade history. In this article, studies on water quality assessment in Tanzania from 2006 through 2016 are reviewed. The approach used is to scan selected publications to gather data and information on types and concentration levels of contaminants measured in surface and ground waters; their status, trends and potential health risks. The aim is to establish research gaps that call for further investigations and factors that hinder such efforts so as to provide insight that can facilitate future studies. Significant outputs were found in terms of study focuses and investigated locations. Lack of analytical facilities, complexity in the interpretation of toxicological data and data management practices represent major setbacks, while land-use practices, sea water intrusion, climate change and biogeochemical features continue to the scale-up threat on surface and ground water quality in the country. It is pragmatic that there is still a gap in research on such subjects as effects of climate change; effects of mixed toxicity of chemicals; risk characterization; analysis of emerging contaminants of concern and development of remediation plans for specific contamination problems. Some strategies towards ameliorating the challenges are suggested. The study puts forwards some recommendations, including the establishment of a National Water Quality Assessment Programme that will provide central water quality descriptions of the nation water resources.

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Standardized Methods for Water-Quality Assessment☆

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

Improved Drinking Water Disinfection with UVC-LEDs for Escherichia Coli and Bacillus Subtilis Utilizing Quartz Tubes as Light Guide

Improved Drinking Water Disinfection with UVC-LEDs for Escherichia Coli and Bacillus Subtilis Utilizing Quartz Tubes as Light Guide

Emerging Potable Water Technologies

Another decade of water quality assessment studies in Tanzania: Status, challenges and future prospects

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