“…While the United States and other English-speaking countries share common socio-cultural roots, there are considerable differences as to which educational policies are implemented and how they are carried out. For example, Hamilton et al (2007) reported that teachers in California, Georgia, and Pennsylvania had very similar responses, experiences, and attitudes towards standards-based accountability assessments; they attributed this to similarities between the systems. Based on survey studies using the TCoA inventory, it was found that teachers in New Zealand and Queensland, which have similar low-stakes assessment systems, had very similar conceptions of assessment, except for the notion of assessment being used to make schools accountable which was endorsed more by New Zealand primary teachers, a difference attributed to a greater emphasis on school self-management in New Zealand (Brown, Lake, & Matters, 2011).…”