Optical transport networks (OTNs) will quickly evolve from dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) Public telecommunications relies on an extremely diverse network of networks with widely varying topologies, deployed technologies, services, and underlying business models. A practical vision for optical networking is one that goes beyond point-to-point WDM transmission to address the practical needs of this diverse networking environment. It encompasses the progression of applications from long haul capacity expansion today toward a unified end-to-end optical network spanning access, metropolitan (or metro), and long haul domains. A practical vision for optical transport networks-a vision of networks that are widely deployable, highly reliable and maintainable, readily evolvable, and demonstrably cost effective-is now at hand. This paper lays out this practical vision, placing it in the context of other networking trends, and addresses the most critical factors to consider in designing optical transport networks.