Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy

Abstract

Ibn 'Arabî (1165-1240) can be considered the greatest of all Muslim philosophers, provided we understand philosophy in the broad, modern sense and not simply as the discipline of falsafa, whose outstanding representatives are Avicenna and, many would say, Mullâ Sadrâ. Western scholarship and much of the later Islamic tradition have classified Ibn 'Arabî as a "Sufi", though he himself did not; his works cover the whole gamut of Islamic sciences, not least Koran commentary, Hadith (sayings of Muhammad), jurisprudence, principles of jurisprudence, theology, philosophy, and mysticism. Unlike al-Ghazâlî, whose range of work is similar to Ibn 'Arabî, he did not usually write in specific genres, but tended rather to integrate and synthesize the sciences in the context of thematic works, ranging in length from one or two folios to several thousand pages. Nor did he depart from the highest level of discourse, or repeat himself in different works. The later Sufi tradition called him al-Shaykh al-Akbar, the Greatest Master, a title that was understood to mean that no one else has been or will be able to unpack the multi-layered significance of the sources of the Islamic tradition with such detail and profundity.

Learner to Learner Fuzzy Profiles Similarity Using a Hybrid Interaction Analysis Grid

“…Step 4: The defuzzification The Mean of Maxima (MOM) method is applied here [20]. In this method, the defuzzied value is taken as the element with the highest membership values.…”

The interplay of the Dirty Hands of British area bombing and the wicked problem of defeating Nazi Germany in the Second World War – A lesson in leadership ethics

“…Unlike common dilemmas (where no direction exists as to which action should be taken), Dirty Hands relates to situations where the necessary choice of option is painful, but obvious (Coady, 2011). Machiavelli would have concurred: the Prince sometimes needed to act immorally in an immoral world for the greater good (Nederman, 2014). And for Thomas Hobbes ethical prohibitions against certain practices could not hold when compliance with the ethics led to self-destruction, because it was 'contrary to the ground of all laws of nature' (Coady, 2008: 110).…”

Entre urnas e armas: a competitividade do Poder Executivo e as Guerras Civis, 1976 - 2000

“…1517), enquanto os segundos são o tema de sua obra mais conhecida, O Príncipe (Maquiavel, 2010(Maquiavel, [1532), embora seja verdade que ambos os livros tenham passagens mencionando as duas formas de governo (Strauss, 1995(Strauss, [1978, p. 16). Os textos de Maquiavel trazem duas importantes diferenças perante os escritos de Aristóteles, e é hoje claro que elas se mostrariam cruciais para o desenvolvimento da Ciência Política moderna (Mansfield, 1983;Nederman, 2009): em primeiro lugar, Maquiavel é um dos primeiros 12 Nem todos os pesquisadores modernos, contudo, aceitam a idéia de que a politéia é o melhor regime na teoria de Aristóteles. Clifford Bates (2003, p. 102) argumenta que "[...] esta visão de que a "politéia", que inclui o "regime misto" da Política [livro] 4, é uma leitura anacrônica da "constituição mista" da Idade Média no pensamento político de Aristóteles".…”

“…Aristóteles: uma vez que qualquer lei se baseia, em última instância, na ameaça de coerção (Nederman, 2009), a questão da legitimidade não deve ser o ponto principal da análise política (Morgan, 1994). O que é "realmente importante" é o fato de um governo conseguir cumprir sua função primária, a manutenção do estado contra ameaças externas e levantes internos (Maquiavel, 2010(Maquiavel, [1532).…”