Starch Serves as Carbohydrate Storage in Nematode-Induced Syncytia

Hofmann, Julia; Szakasits, Dagmar; Blöchl, Andreas; Sobczak, Mirosław; Daxböck-Horvath, Sabine; Golinowski, W.; Bohlmann, Holger; Grundler, Florian M. W.

doi:10.1104/pp.107.107367

Cited by 47 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This confirmed supplementation of sugar for the growth of nematodes (Cabello et al, 2013). Increased level of proteins and sugars in the nematode infected plants might be due to high metabolic activity in the nematode infected tissues (Hoffmann et al, 2008;Nayak and Mohanty, 2010). Similar results have been recorded by Abbasi et al (2008) in Okra and Brinjal.…”

Section: Effect Of Interaction On the Physiological Changes In The Plantsupporting

confidence: 78%

Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum in carnation and physiological changes induced in plants due to the interaction

et al. 2016

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Two pot culture experiments were carried out in carnation var. redking in two different seasons to study the interactive effect of Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita on the growth, yield and changes in physiological parameters of the plant. Highest reduction of growth and yield parameters were observed in the plants that received sequential inoculation of the nematode followed by fungus. Significant reduction in the nematode population was observed in the sequential inoculation of the fungus followed by nematodes and combined inoculation of the two pathogens. Reduced chlorophyll content and increased protein and sugar content were observed in the plants due to the interaction of nematode and fungus.

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Section: Effect Of Interaction On the Physiological Changes In The Plantsupporting

confidence: 78%

Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum in carnation and physiological changes induced in plants due to the interaction

et al. 2016

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“…org/Workgroups/MIAME/miame.html )], comparative analysis of transcriptional data sets will allow researchers to investigate the role of specific pathways or groups of genes during different nematode interactions and/or other plant biotic interactions or treatments. These analyses will in turn promote the development of ªEarly, middle, and late time points refer to 1 week after inoculation, 2 week after inoculation, and 3-4 week after inoculation, respectively testable hypotheses about the importance of specific genes or pathways during the nematode parasitism process (Hofmann et al 2008 ;Wieczorek et al 2006) .…”

Section: Microarray Analyses Of Plant-nematode Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…expansins; Wieczorek et al 2006) and metabolic pathways (i.e. starch accumulation and degradation; Hofmann et al 2008) . Expansin proteins are involved in cell wall breakdown or softening during cell expansion and are hypothesized to play important roles in the development of nematode feeding sites (Li et al 2003 ;Cosgrove 2000 ;Gheysen and Mitchum et al 2008).…”

Section: Microarray Analyses Of Nematode Feeding Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic Analysis of Nematode Infestation

Li¹,

Fester²,

Christopher³

et al. 2008

Plant Cell Monographs

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The establishment and maintenance of nematode feeding sites and subsequent nematode development are associated with significant changes in expression level of both plant and nematode genes. Analysis of the changes in transcript abundance during feeding site establishment and function provides insight into the complexity of plant-nematode interactions and may lead to the discovery of novel strategies for managing nematodes. Early techniques of gene discovery had identified a small cadre of genes induced in the plant host or invading nematode. More recently, the adoption of high-throughput gene expression tools such as microarrays has allowed the identification of hundreds of both plant and nematode genes that are regulated over the course of nematode infestation. Initially, microarray studies were used to examine gene expression in whole infested roots or nematode feeding site-enriched tissues. More recently, the combination of laser-assisted microdissection of nematode feeding sites and subsequent transcriptomic analyses using microarrays has provided an unprecedented view of gene expression within the feeding site itself. This chapter is intended to present a broad overview of the knowledge gained to date about techniques that have been used to identify differentially regulated genes of both plant and nematode during the plant-nematode interaction and recent methodological improvements crucial for future studies.

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“…7 In case of high sugar levels, plant cells generally synthesize starch in order to reduce emerging osmotic stress. 9 The aim of the work of Hofmann et al, 10 was to elucidate if starch is utilised as carbohydrate storage in nematode-induced syncytia and to study expression of genes involved in starch metabolism with an emphasis on nematode development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch as a sugar reservoir for nematode-induced syncytia

Hofmann¹,

Grundler²

2008

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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protein activity in the syncytia plasmamembranes. At later stages plasmodesmata appear to open to the phloem elements, facilitating symplasmic transport.Incoming solutes may either be taken up by the feeding nematode or are synthesised and catalysed by the syncytium's metabolism. Due to the microscopically observable high density of the cytosol 1 and the increased osmotic pressure, 8 syncytia appear to accumulate high solute concentrations. In fact, significantly increased sucrose levels have been found in syncytia in comparison to non-infected control roots. 7 In case of high sugar levels, plant cells generally synthesize starch in order to reduce emerging osmotic stress. 9 The aim of the work of Hofmann et al., 10 was to elucidate if starch is utilised as carbohydrate storage in nematode-induced syncytia and to study expression of genes involved in starch metabolism with an emphasis on nematode development.Starch levels of nematode induced syncytia and roots of noninfected plants grown on sand/soil culture were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed a high accumulation of starch in syncytia that was steadily decreasing during nematode development. The accumulation of starch could further be localised within syncytial cells by electron microscopy. Based on these results, we studied the gene expression of the starch metabolic pathway by Affymetrix gene chip analysis. About half of the 56 involved genes were significantly upregulated in syncytia compared to the control and only two genes were significantly downregulated. Thus, the high induction of the gene expression is consistent with the high starch accumulation. Finally, we applied an Arabidopsis mutant line lacking starch synthase I expression that has been described previously. 11 Starch synthase I was the second highest upregulated gene in syncytia. It catalyses the linkage of ADP-glucose to the non-reducing end of an α-glucan, forming the linear glucose chains of amylopectin. In a nematode infection assay we were able to prove the significant importance of the gene for nematode development.With the presented results, we can unambiguously prove the accumulation of starch and the induction of the gene expression of the starch metabolic pathway in nematode-induced syncytia. The primary question however is: why do syncytia accumulate soluble sugars and starch although their metabolism is highly induced and nematodes withdraw solutes during continuously repeating feeding cycles?One explanation may be found where least expected-in nematode feeding. It is the feeding activity that induced solute import mechanisms into syncytia resulting in a newly formed sink tissue. However, during moulting events to the third, the fourth juvenile The plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii invades the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana to induce nematode feeding structures in the central cylinder. During nematode development, the parasites feed exclusively from these structures. Thus, high sugar import and specific sugar processing of th...

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Starch Serves as Carbohydrate Storage in Nematode-Induced Syncytia

Cited by 47 publications

References 28 publications

Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum in carnation and physiological changes induced in plants due to the interaction

Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum in carnation and physiological changes induced in plants due to the interaction

Transcriptomic Analysis of Nematode Infestation

Starch as a sugar reservoir for nematode-induced syncytia

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