Start-up and Steady-State Performance of a New Renewable Alcohol-To-Jet (ATJ) Fuel in Multiple Diesel Engines

Dickerson, Terrence; McDaniel, Andrew; Williams, Sherry; Prak, Dianne J. Luning; Hamilton, Len; Bermudez, Eric; Cowart, Jim S.

doi:10.4271/2015-01-0901

Cited by 12 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Measurements of the fuels’ physical properties followed procedures employed in previous studies. ,,,,,,,,− Briefly, speed of sound, density, viscosity, surface tension, and flash point were measured using Density and Sound Analyzer (Anton Parr DSA 5000), Stabinger Viscometer (Anton Parr SVM 3000), Axisymmetric drop shape analyzer (Kruss DS100), and Setaflash Series 8 flash point tester (Stanhope-Seta Model 82000–0, closed-cup). The calibration of each instrument and their accuracy determination was accomplished using NIST-traceable and certified standards as previously described. , The DS100 calculates surface tension by fitting the Young–LaPlace equation to an image of a droplet formed within the magnification window using air and drop density.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important, therefore, for the military to test fuels from alternative sources in their engines to ensure proper operation. Some alternative fuels can combust alone (pure or neat form) in military engines, while the composition of other alternative fuels requires them to be mixed with petroleum-based fuels to ensure stable combustion in diesel engines. − One such fuel is hydrodepolymerized cellulosic diesel (HDCD) fuel that recent combustion experiments have shown must be mixed with at least 60% petroleum-based fuel for the engine start-up time to be within military requirements . This fuel represents a new class of alternative fuels that are derived from cellulose and lignin. − As with petroleum-based fuels, fuels from cellulose and lignin contain a large number of compounds. , Researchers who strive to model the combustion of such complex fuels currently do not have the detailed combustion kinetic data (thermodynamic parameters, chemical kinetic rate constants, and reaction pathways) for the hundreds of compounds in these fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formulation of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures Based on Physical and Chemical Analysis of Hydrodepolymerized Cellulosic Diesel Fuel

et al. 2016

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Surrogate fuel mixtures for a hydrodepolymerized cellulosic diesel (HDCD) fuel were formulated based on HDCD's physical properties and chemical composition. HDCD was found to contain alicylic, cyclic, and aromatic compounds. Surrogate mixtures composed of trans-decahydronaphthalene (trans-decalin) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) matched HDCD's speed of sound, density, and bulk modulus. Diesel engine experiments were conducted on mixtures containing petroleum diesel fuel (60 and 80% volume fraction) mixed with HDCD, tetralin, trans-decalin, or a mixture with 0.42 mass fraction of tetralin in trans-decalin. At both volume fractions, the start-up performance of the two-component surrogate/ petroleum fuel mixtures matched that of HDCD/petroleum mixtures. The trans-decalin/petroleum fuel mixtures started faster while the tetralin/petroleum fuel mixtures started more slowly than those containing HDCD. These results show that speed of sound, density, and bulk modulus can be used as metrics to design surrogate fuel mixtures that match fuel start-up performance in diesel engines.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures Based on Physical and Chemical Analysis of Hydrodepolymerized Cellulosic Diesel Fuel

et al. 2016

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“…A 50/50 mixture of this fuel with petroleum-based jet fuel was used in a successful flight by a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter . These fuel mixtures met the startup performance requirements of emergency diesel engines when the concentration of the isobutanol based fuel was less than 30%. , Diesel fuel derived from farnesene contained mostly 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane (∼92%), and its combustion in diesel engines fell just within the acceptance criteria for these engines. , Synthetic isoparaffinic kerosene derived from various oil sources has been found to contain mostly linear and branched alkanes, and the Navy demonstrated that a 50/50 mixture of this kerosene with petroleum-based fuel could be used in its warships. − More recent biobased fuels have differed in composition from petroleum-based fuels, but their combustion behavior has been good enough to enable them to be used without blending (neat) . A jet fuel produced by Applied Research Associates and Chevron Lummus Global, catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ), was used neat in test flights by the military. , This conversion process has also been used to produce diesel fuel for testing by the military.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…12 These fuel mixtures met the startup performance requirements of emergency diesel engines when the concentration of the isobutanol based fuel was less than 30%. 11,13 Diesel fuel derived from farnesene contained mostly 2,6,10trimethyldodecane (∼92%), and its combustion in diesel engines fell just within the acceptance criteria for these engines. 14,15 Synthetic isoparaffinic kerosene derived from various oil sources has been found to contain mostly linear and branched alkanes, and the Navy demonstrated that a 50/50 mixture of this kerosene with petroleum-based fuel could be used in its warships.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biobased Diesel Fuel Analysis and Formulation and Testing of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures

Prak

McLaughlin

et al. 2018

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The properties and chemical components of a bioderived alternative diesel fuel were used to formulate hydrocarbon mixtures for use as fuel surrogates. This alternative diesel fuel was found to contain mostly alkylcyclohexanes, linear alkanes, and alkylbenzenes, with small amounts of other compounds as determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Surrogate mixtures were prepared containing nhexadecane, n-hexylbenzene, and n-butylcyclohexane, and their derived cetane number (DCN), density, viscosity, speed of sound, surface tension, and flashpoint were measured to help formulate mixture compositions whose properties most closely matched those of the fuel. Engine tests of three 3-component surrogate mixtures using a Waukesha diesel Cooperative Fuels Research engine showed that the combustion behaviors (burn duration, ignition delay, thermal efficiency, and maximum rate of heat release) of the three surrogates were similar to those of the base bioderived fuel. Successful surrogates were designed using chemical composition, DCN, density, and speed of sound.

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“…In September 2016, an EA-18G Growler flew successfully on 100% alternative biofuel during a test flight at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland . This biofuel was produced by Applied Research Associates (ARA) and Chevron Lummus Global using a catalytic hydrothermal conversion process. , Other bio-derived materials must be mixed with petroleum-based fuels for use in jet and diesel engines and, thus, are called “alternative fuel blending components”. − A UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter successfully flew on a 50% mixture of petroleum-based fuel with biofuel blending components derived from isobutanol, but a 70% petroleum mixture was required for startup performance of emergency diesel engines. − The testing of jet fuel in military diesel engines is a response to a Department of Defense (DOD) directive that challenges fuel producers to make one fuel for use in all military equipment . Having a jet fuel that can be used in a diesel engine enables the engine to operate under emergency circumstances when no diesel fuel is present and, in the long term, could greatly simplify fuel supply logistics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet Fuel and Surrogate Mixture Formulation: Components, Properties, and Combustion

et al. 2017

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Chemical analysis and property measurements of a catalytic hydrothermal conversion jet (CHCJ) fuel were used to formulate hydrocarbon mixtures for use as fuel surrogates. Using conventional gas chromatography/(electron ionization) quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/(EI)Q MS) and advanced two-dimensional gas chromatography/(electron ionization) high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/(EI)TOF MS), CHCJ was found to differ from Jet-A fuel and to contain mostly linear alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, and alkylbenzenes, with small amounts of branched alkanes and multiring aromatic compounds. Various surrogates were prepared containing n-dodecane, n-butylcyclohexane, and n-butylbenzene, and their density, viscosity, speed of sound, surface tension, and derived cetane number (DCN) were measured to determine the compositions that most closely matched that of the CHCJ. The optimal surrogates were (1) n-butylcyclohexane, (2) 0.64 mole fraction of nbutylbenzene in n-dodecane, and (3) three three-component blends of n-butylcyclohexane, n-butylbenzene, and n-dodecane with ratios of n-dodecane to n-butylcyclohexane of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 corresponding to a lower, medium, and higher n-butylbenzene concentration. Since fuel logistics in the military could be greatly simplified by use of a single fuel for both jet and diesel engines, this study examined this alternative jet fuel and its potential surrogates with respect to combustion in a diesel engine. Combustion experiments using a Waukesha diesel Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine showed that all surrogate mixtures emulated the combustion engine performance of CHCJ in the areas of thermal efficiency, ignition delay, relative rate of heat release, crank angle degree 50% fuel burned location, and burn duration. All the surrogate mixtures operated in the Waukesha engine all showed statistically similar performance to the CHCJ fuel; however, the midaromatic (n-butylbenzene) threecomponent surrogate was marginally closer than either the higher or lower aromatic blends. These results show that DCN and other physical property measurements of a jet fuel can be used in conjunction with chemical composition to design surrogate fuel mixtures that match jet fuel performance in a diesel engine. These surrogate mixtures can be used in modeling studies to help determine the aspects of jet fuels that would enable them to have acceptable performance in a military diesel engine.

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Start-up and Steady-State Performance of a New Renewable Alcohol-To-Jet (ATJ) Fuel in Multiple Diesel Engines

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Formulation of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures Based on Physical and Chemical Analysis of Hydrodepolymerized Cellulosic Diesel Fuel

Formulation of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures Based on Physical and Chemical Analysis of Hydrodepolymerized Cellulosic Diesel Fuel

Biobased Diesel Fuel Analysis and Formulation and Testing of Surrogate Fuel Mixtures

Analysis of Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion Jet Fuel and Surrogate Mixture Formulation: Components, Properties, and Combustion

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