State-dependent phonon-limited spin relaxation of nitrogen-vacancy centers

Cambria, Matthew C.; Gardill, Aedan; Li, Y.; Norambuena, Ariel; Maze, J. R.; Kolkowitz, Shimon

doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.013123

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In Equation (), the first term, which lies in the kHz range

(T_1^{{\rm{bulk}}})

[ 48 ] and is linked to the bulk‐induced relaxation, is negligible. Modeling the SPC by a uniform concentration of σ SPC with a unique correlation time τ SPC , [ 18,32,41 ] we obtain (see derivation in Section S1, Supporting Information)

\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{\left( {B_ \bot ^{{\rm{SPC}}}} \right)}^2} = 2 \cdot {{\left( {\frac{{{\mu _0}{\gamma _{\rm{e}}}\hbar }}{{4\pi }}} \right)}^2}{C_{\rm{s}}} \cdot \frac{{a\sigma }}{{{d^4}}}}\end{array}

\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{\left( {\tau _{\rm{c}}^{{\rm{SPC}}}} \right)}^{ - 1}} = \frac{{{\mu _0}\gamma _{\rm{e}}^2\hbar }}{{4\pi }}{C_{\rm{s}}} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt {3\pi \sigma } }}{{r_{\min }^2}}}\end{array}

where

{C_{\rm{s}}} = \frac{1}{{2S + 1}}\mathop \sum \limits_{m = - s}^s {m^2} = 1/4

is related to the multiplicity of the paramagnetic impurity

\left( {S = \frac{1}{2}} \right)

, γ e = 2π · 28 GHz T −1 is the electron gyromagnetic ratio, and r min = 0.15 nm is the shortest possible distance between the paramagnetic impurities [ …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diamond‐Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells

Sigaeva

Shirzad

Martínez

et al. 2022

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≈10 12 -10 18 nuclei (or a factor of 1000 fewer electron spins) to generate an observable signal. [6,7] To date, diamond magnetometry has been used to detect magnetic structures, [8][9][10][11] microwave signals, [12] and single proteins [13] and to record signals from magnetotactic bacteria, [14] cells labeled with magnetic particles, [15] or fixed and stained cell slices. [16] Relaxometry (or T 1 ), analogous to T 1 in conventional MRI, is a quantum sensing method that allows the efficient detection of surrounding magnetic noise. [17] First with gadolinium contrast, [18][19][20] it has been used in solution to detect free radicals [21] and monitor chemical reactions, [22,23] and in biological environments to sense the metabolic activity of mitochondria in macrophages [24] or detect nitric oxide production by endothelial cells. [25] Conventional methods for detecting radicals rely on chemical reactions with spin labels or dye molecules and on detection via electron spin resonance. The first generally requires large sample volumes, [26] and the second is poorly selective for free radicals, irreversibly consumes them, and is prone to bleaching, which complicates real-time monitoring. [27] Here, we detected nitric oxide signaling at the nanoscale with an optical resolution. In the human body, nitric oxide is particularly relevant for vascular and brain cell communication and therefore essential for understanding heart and brain diseases. [28,29] We were able to quantify and localize nitric oxide, formed either chemically or by live mammalian cells. Additionally, we determined the formation dynamics, which are inaccessible by state-of-the-art methods. Results and DiscussionAs evidenced previously, the relaxometry measurement sequence allows the detection of free radicals via the magnetic noise they generate. [18] In this work, we used this technique to localize the generation of biologically relevant nitric oxide and superoxide. Toward this goal, we conducted relaxometry measurements using nanodiamonds containing ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. Such nanodiamonds can be internalized by different types of cells [30][31][32][33] and exhibit excellent biocompatibility. [34,35] In our experiments, the Diamond magnetometry makes use of fluorescent defects in diamonds to convert magnetic resonance signals into fluorescence. Because optical photons can be detected much more sensitively, this technique currently holds several sensitivity world records for room temperature magnetic measurements. It is orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting magnetic resonances. Here, the use of diamond magnetometry to detect free radical production in single living cells with nanometer resolution is experimentally demonstrated. This measuring system is first optimized and calibrated with chemicals at known concentrations. These measurements serve as benchmarks for future experiments. While conventional MRI typically has millimeter resolution, measurements are performed on...

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“…In Equation (), the first term, which lies in the kHz range

(T_1^{{\rm{bulk}}})

\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{\left( {B_ \bot ^{{\rm{SPC}}}} \right)}^2} = 2 \cdot {{\left( {\frac{{{\mu _0}{\gamma _{\rm{e}}}\hbar }}{{4\pi }}} \right)}^2}{C_{\rm{s}}} \cdot \frac{{a\sigma }}{{{d^4}}}}\end{array}

\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{{\left( {\tau _{\rm{c}}^{{\rm{SPC}}}} \right)}^{ - 1}} = \frac{{{\mu _0}\gamma _{\rm{e}}^2\hbar }}{{4\pi }}{C_{\rm{s}}} \cdot \frac{{\sqrt {3\pi \sigma } }}{{r_{\min }^2}}}\end{array}

where

{C_{\rm{s}}} = \frac{1}{{2S + 1}}\mathop \sum \limits_{m = - s}^s {m^2} = 1/4

is related to the multiplicity of the paramagnetic impurity

\left( {S = \frac{1}{2}} \right)

, γ e = 2π · 28 GHz T −1 is the electron gyromagnetic ratio, and r min = 0.15 nm is the shortest possible distance between the paramagnetic impurities [ …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Equation ( 1), the first term, which lies in the kHz range ( ) 1 bulk T [48] and is linked to the bulk-induced relaxation, is negligible. Modeling the SPC by a uniform concentration of σ SPC with a unique correlation time τ SPC , [18,32,41] we obtain (see derivation in Section S1, Supporting Information)…”

Section: T 1 S From Nanodiamonds In Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diamond‐Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells

Sigaeva

Shirzad

Martínez

et al. 2022

Small

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“…In figure 4(b), we observe the degree of NM according to equation (25), which exhibits an interesting behavior in terms of the elastic constant k I . For k I = 0, the spin defect is disconnected from the phonon environment, and thus the SDF J(ω) = 0, leading to γ c (t) = 0 (or equivalently N γ = 0).…”

Section: Criteria Based On Canonical Ratesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The degree of NM N γ is calculated using γ c (t) ≈ Λ(T) sin(ω loc t)e −Γt/2 , which gives: , we obtain the equation (25).…”

Section: Appendix C Approximated Expressions For Canonical Rate and D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Engineering non-Markovianity from defect-phonon interactions

González¹,

Tancara²,

Dinani

et al. 2023

New J. Phys.

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Understanding defect-phonon interactions in solid-state devices is crucial for improving our current knowledge of quantum platforms. In this work, we develop first-principles calculations for a defect composed of two spin-1/2 particles that interact with phonon modes in a one-dimensional lattice. We follow a bottom-up approach that begins with a dipolar magnetic interaction to ultimately derive the spectral density function and time-local master equation that describes the open dynamics of the defect. We provide theoretical and numerical analysis for the non-Markovian features of the defect-phonon dynamics induced by a pure dephasing channel acting on the Bell basis. Finally, we analyze two measures of non-Markovianity based on the canonical rates and Coherence, shedding more light on the role of the spectral density function and temperature; and envisioning experimental realizations.

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Measurement of Charge State Dynamics in Nitrogen−Vacancy Centers Based on Microwave‐Pulses‐Assisted Longitudinal Relaxations Balancing of Spin Qutrit

Li,

Yuan,

Bian

et al. 2024

Adv Quantum Tech

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The nitrogen−vacancy (NV) center in diamond gains its versatility when negatively charged (NV−) but is mediocre when neutrally charged. Particularly, the charge states of NV centers are convertible under optical pumping and during the dark intervals, whose dynamics are mixed with the NV−s’ spin polarizations and relaxations, making them difficult to detect. Here, a microwave‐pulses‐assisted charge state dynamics (CSD) measurement method of NV centers in the dark time (DT) is proposed. The microwave pulses are designed to manipulate the populations of the NV−s’ ground state spin triplets (qutrit) to the equilibrium state before the DT. Thus, the longitudinal relaxations of the qutrit are balanced, and pure CSD can be detected. Interestingly, in an annealed bulk diamond, not only the traditional tunneling‐induced fast exponential CSD are observed, but also a slow and long‐term recharging process, which is probably attributed to the exchanging of the electrons between NV centers and the high‐energy‐level charge traps such as vacancy clusters. Furthermore, results demonstrate a 40% increase in NV−s’ contrast by properly extending the recharging DT. These results are significant for the in‐depth study of the NV centers’ CSD and can improve the sensing abilities of the NV− ensemble.

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State-dependent phonon-limited spin relaxation of nitrogen-vacancy centers

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Diamond‐Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells

Diamond‐Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells

Engineering non-Markovianity from defect-phonon interactions

Measurement of Charge State Dynamics in Nitrogen−Vacancy Centers Based on Microwave‐Pulses‐Assisted Longitudinal Relaxations Balancing of Spin Qutrit

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