“…Dempster-Shafer evidence theory [ 34 , 35 ], also called Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory or evidence theory, is a popular theory to deal with uncertain information [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Compared with traditional probability theory, this theory has an advantage of directly expressing the “uncertainty” by assigning the probability to the set composed of multiple objects, it therefore has attracted increasing interest in uncertainty reasoning and modelling [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] and been further extended such as generalized evidence theory (GET) in open world [ 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”