“…In Norway, national laws define options for ILC mechanisms (Arntsen et al, 2018;Klausen and Torsteinsen, 2023;Zeiner and Tjerbo, 2014) that mandate formalized reporting, oversight boards and governance structures (NMLG, 1999(NMLG, , 2018. On the contrary, the entrepreneurial latitude and layered federal configuration of USA municipalities encourage informality (Farmer, 2022;Fowler, 2018;Weber and Khademian, 2008). American federalism contributes to expectations of autonomy and localization in service delivery needs (Kettl, 2006) and offers more actors for ILC.…”