State of Arts of Monumental Stones Diagnosis and Monitoring

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The conservation and maintenance of a monumental stone building is a complex aim where different disciplines are involved. First step is concerning the determination of the state of conservation of stone material present, than determine its modification on time, as such and after conservation treatments applied on: cleaning, protecting, strengthening. In order to fulfill such objectives suitable parameters must be selected and the most appropriate diagnostic techniques for their quantitative evaluation operated. In this context, the determination of the surface water absorption, moisture content, colour variation and mechanical properties are important parameters for the control, and the monitoring over time, of the state of conservation of the monumental stone surfaces. Thes e parameters are strongly related not only to the stone characteristics but also to the evaluation of products's performance: efficiency and durability. Their rate of variation, determined in monitoring campaigns, is fundamental for elaborate by properly predictive model a schedule maintenance protocol.

Systematic testing, verification and validation of laser treatments for unglazed earthenware affected by lichens and fungi biodeterioration

“…Ultra-Close Range Photogrammetry was employed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the surface after removal treatments, using different laser sources and operative modes [40,41]. The technique is based on the same principles as classical photogrammetry but is applied on a different scale.…”

Digital 3D Technologies for Humanities Research and Education: An Overview

“…As examples for non-destructive techniques for monuments and artworks, multispectral analysis supports mainly material analysis of multi-layered surfaces, e.g., of paintings [172,434], but also for globes [435] or sculptures [171]. IR thermography detects emissions in the infrared thermal range of the electromagnetic spectrum to measure heat emission [436]. This is used to non-destructively detect anomalies in heritage sculptures [171].…”

“…Examples are ground penetrating radar (GPR), resistivity, and magnetometry techniques [438][439][440][441]. As an example for destructive techniques, the Drilling Resistance Measurements System (DRMS) quantifies the hardness of stone based on its resistance to drilling [436,442].…”