“…There has been an increasing interest in ECM, which is flexible to account the effect of temperature, aging, and other factors on battery operation. 13 Secondly, the nonlinear state observers are introduced to provide the robust performance for model identification, such as Lyapunov-Based observer, 14 extended Kalman filter (EKF), 15,16 unscented Kalman filter, 17 particle filter (PF), 18 H infinity filter (HIF), 19 and some other extensions 20,21 . Among these methods, the Bayesian-based algorithms, such as the family of Kalman filter, HIF, and PF, are widely applied.…”