State of exile: The African national congress of South Africa, 1976–86

Abstract

"This article sets out the broad nature of population movements and changes in distribution which are taking place in the major continental areas of the Third World, while making comparisons and contrasts. It outlines the differing approaches to these movements, and the interpretations of varying ideological and disciplinary points of view. It describes contemporary practical problems and indicates possible future developments." The primary focus is on internal migration.

Culture(s) of the African National Congress of South Africa: Imprint of Exile Experiences

“…Many members of the ANC in exile were primarily formed in this environment and had little experience of political activity within the country (Lodge 1983(Lodge , 1988Ottaway 1993). Ottaway writes (at 45-6:)…”

“…The 1950s had seen its transformation into a mass organisation and campaigns that enhanced democracy, non-racialism and to a limited extent non-sexism (Lodge 1983;Suttner and Cronin 1986). Did conditions of exile, underground and armed struggle mean these emerging traditions were snuffed out?…”

Women Political Leaders in Rwanda and South Africa

“…However, this is not always the case. Exile can provide protection and external support (Lodge, 1987). For one woman, like many others, exile became a means of survival.…”

“…Then there is a younger generation who were more involved in clandestine operations than mass based campaigns. Finally, there was another group of men who were more experienced in the bureaucracy of the movement and who had attended foreign universities (Lodge 1987). It is important to note that while Lodge (1987) provides an analysis of the different types of men and ideological groups in the ANC in exile, the analysis lacks the ideology of women members, and what groups they constituted.…”

“…In the 1980's there were about 1500 ANC members receiving tertiary educations in American, European and British universities, which was a substantial figure. Communist countries provided more technical educations to ANC members (Lodge 1987).…”