State of Hydration Shells of Sodium Chloride in Aqueous Solutions in a Wide Concentration Range at 273.15−373.15 K

Abstract

On the basis of the measurements of the speed of ultrasound, density, and isobaric heat capacity, isentropic compressibilities of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (from dilute up to highly concentrated) have been determined at 273.15-373.15 K. With the use of correct correlations, at electrolyte concentrations below complete hydration limit (21.53% wt), the following values have been calculated: solvation numbers (h), molar parameters of volume and compressibility of hydration complexes (Vh,betahVh), water in a hydration shell (V 1h, beta1h V1h), and a cavity containing a stoichiometric mixture of ions without a hydration shell (V2h,beta2h V2h).The values of h and betahVh have been found to be independent of temperature in the indicated temperature interval, while the molar compressibilities of the hydration shell (beta1hV1h) and of the stoichiometric mixture of ions (beta2hV2h), of concentration. The electrostatic field of ions has been shown to influence the temperature dependence of the molar volume of water in the hydration shell much stronger than the mere change of pressure affects the temperature dependence of molar volume of water in the hydration shell of pure water. It is suggested that the reason for this effect is connected with the change in the dielectric permeability of water in direct proximity to ions. Below the complete solvation limit (CSL), the functions YK,S = f(beta1V1 ), betahVh = f(h), V1h = f(T), and beta1h = f(T) are linear with a high correlation coefficient. Thus, at all studied concentrations of sodium chloride solutions in the temperature interval 273.15-323.15 K, the dependence YK,S = f(beta1V1 ) enables h and betahVh to be calculated using the obtained correlations; at higher temperatures (323.15-373.15 K), the dependence is reverse. Beyond the CSL, the dependence of the apparent molar volume phiV' upon the hydration number h' remains linear and allows V2h' and V1h' to be estimated at various temperatures.

Analytical Expressions for Thermo‐Osmotic Permeability of Clays

“…Beyond these weak uncertainties, more significant ones associated with the molecular parameters of the model (Table ) must be analyzed. In the range of natural values, temperature only slightly affects the molecular parameters (Afanasiev et al, ; Gonçalvès et al, ) unlike ionic concentrations. In NaCl solutions, a 25% decrease of was described (Gallo et al, ) with increasing concentration (from nearly pure water to about 4 mol L −1 solution), while , , and are almost insensitive to concentration (Nag et al, ).…”

Ultralow elastic stability of salt ice at low temperatures

“…We assume that solvation number h' at low concen trations (x ≤ 0.001) can be expressed in a form that agrees well with the experimental data (with parameter ϕ = 1 for liquid solutions) [27],…”

“…However, it is better to use the simple expression [27] (4) to describe the solvation numbers at medium and high concentrations (0.001 ≤ x ≤ 0.1). Therefore, we will use a certain composite function of solvation number h(x) = f(h'(x), h"(x)) from here on.…”

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“…To account for the difference, it had been proposed that the rate-limiting step of the ion entry is its partial desolvation event. [23] Inside the protein, where the carboxylate and carbonyl oxygen atoms are within the first solvation shell (up to 2.5 Å), the number of solvating water molecules was smaller, varying between one molecule (in~5 % of all snapshots), through a maximum of 3 water molecules (34 %). These parameters are presented in Figure 4.…”