State of Stainless Steels Roofing in Okinawa and Characteristics of Corrosion Resistance in Atmosphere of Various Stainless Steels

Nakata, Michio; Ono, Nagato; Usuda, Yasuhiko

doi:10.3323/jcorr1991.46.559

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The surface chloride concentration has been shown to have a significant influence on the atmospheric corrosion behaviour of stainless steels. For example, Nakata et al (1997) investigated the corrosion of stainless steel roofs in Okinawa, approximately 1 km from the coast. A correlation was observed between the degree of rusting and the concentration of chloride in the surface deposits.…”

Section: Environmental Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste container durability: monitoring of a stainless steel 4 metre box over 12 years

Smart¹,

Winsley

Fennell³

et al. 2012

Mineral. mag.

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In the UK, most intermediate level radioactive waste is packaged in stainless steel containers. It is important that containers should maintain their integrity for extended periods of storage prior to final disposal. A prototype 4 metre box fabricated from 304S11 stainless steel was monitored at an inland rural building for over twelve years to gain experience in monitoring environmental conditions and corrosion during storage. A wide range of different types of aerosol particles were observed on the surfaces and in the air. They contained corrosive ions such as chloride, as well as other anions such as sulfate and nitrate. The chloride deposition rate was between 0.1 and 4 mg cm À2 yr À1 depending on the orientation and location of the surface, with a chloride/sulfate ratio ranging from~0.3À2. The temperature and relative humidity typically ranged from 0À30ºC and 40À90%, respectively. The greatest degree of corrosion developed on the base of the box, which had elevated chloride concentrations (10À140 mg cm À2 ). However, there was little evidence of corrosion propagation on the surface of the box and no evidence of stress corrosion cracking. The average pit propagation rates on a 316L coupon mounted next to the 4 m box were <1 mm yr À1 .

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Section: Environmental Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste container durability: monitoring of a stainless steel 4 metre box over 12 years

Smart¹,

Winsley

Fennell³

et al. 2012

Mineral. mag.

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“…In Nakata et al, pit depths on coastal exposures of 304L and 316L stainless steels were found to increase over five years and then plateau to a constant value over the next ten years (1). Figure 1 shows this trend of an initial increase in pit depth followed by no significant increase in pit depth over the course of the next several years for 304L or 316L.…”

Section: Literature Analysismentioning

confidence: 89%

The Modeling and Measurement of Boundary Conditions for Pit Size on Stainless Steels under Atmospheric Exposure Conditions

Shedd

Kelly

2012

ECS Trans.

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Literature values prove the existence of maximum pit size. Values from exposures to natural environments exist for a range of materials in which exposure times of 10 y or more clearly show a plateau in the size of the largest pits. A recently published model uses the conditions that result from atmospheric exposures to place a bound on the size to which a pit can grow. Although this approach has been shown to compare well to data collected from exposures of stainless steels over long times (> 25 y) at coastal locations, laboratory validation is required in which salt loading density, RH and temperature can be rigorously controlled. After three months, the laboratory exposures of four stainless steel alloys, with 240 and 600 µg/cm 2 of NaCl and 90 and 95% RH, were found to have little pit damage, and all pit sizes were correctly bounded by predicted model values.

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“…Atmospheric exposure tests of stainless steels at different locations have consistently shown a limiting pit size. Nakata et al 6 reported the pit depth observed on 304 and 316 stainless steel samples from exposure tests for 13 years. The pit depth on the two steels reached a limiting value within 4-5 years of exposure, the size of which depended on the details of the exposure environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Maximum Pit Size Model on Stainless Steels under Thin Film Electrolyte Conditions

Woldemedhin

Shedd

Kelly

2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a recently developed model for predicting the maximum pit size possible on a stainless steel surface under a certain set of atmospheric conditions. Prediction of the maximum pit size possible on 304L and 316L was accomplished by coupling the maximum cathode current available from a thin film of ferric chloride covering the steel's surface to the minimum current needed by a growing hemispherical pit. The experimental validation involved exposure tests of 304L and 316L steel samples covered by thin film of ferric chloride solution at a relative humidity of 97% with a loading density of 400 μg cm −2 . Evaluation of the maximum pit size model was done by comparing the pit size from the model with the pit size obtained from exposure tests at the same atmospheric conditions. The model was found to bound all of the experimental data for both alloys if it was assumed that the critical pit solution was between 60% and 80% of the saturation concentration.

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State of Stainless Steels Roofing in Okinawa and Characteristics of Corrosion Resistance in Atmosphere of Various Stainless Steels

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Waste container durability: monitoring of a stainless steel 4 metre box over 12 years

Waste container durability: monitoring of a stainless steel 4 metre box over 12 years

The Modeling and Measurement of Boundary Conditions for Pit Size on Stainless Steels under Atmospheric Exposure Conditions

Evaluation of the Maximum Pit Size Model on Stainless Steels under Thin Film Electrolyte Conditions

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