State of the Art and Perspectives on Silicon Photonic Switches

Tu, Xiaoguang; Song, Chaolong; Huang, Tianye; Chen, Zhenmin; Fu, H. Y.

doi:10.3390/mi10010051

Cited by 62 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…In telecommunication networks, they operate between the wavelengths 850 and 1550 nm, and the widely used materials are based on LiNbO, III-V group conductors, GaAs or InP, polymers, silicon. However, these switches always suffer from fabrication errors [70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]. Qiao et al [70] developed optical switches with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and microfabrication techniques having low power consumption, high-speed cross talk, high insertion loss, nanosecond response speed and with excellent long-term stability which implies to be suitable for lightwave circuit applications.…”

Section: Device Fabrication Of Optical Switchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Optical Responsive Molecular Switches

Doddamani¹,

Waddar²,

Parne³

2021

Nonlinear Optics - From Solitons to Similaritons

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Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have gained much attention during the last two decades owing to their potentiality in the field of optical data storage, optical information processing, optical switching, and telecommunication. NLO responsive macroscopic devices possess extensive applications in our day to day life. Such devices are considered as assemblies of several macroscopic components designed to achieve specific functions. The extension of this concept to the molecular level forms the basis of molecular devices. In this context, the design of NLO switches, that is, molecules characterized by their ability to alternate between two or more chemical forms displaying contrasts in one of their NLO properties, has motivated many experimental and theoretical works. Thus, this chapter focuses on the rational design of molecular NLO switches based on stimuli and materials with extensive examples reported in the literature. The factors affecting the efficiency of optical switches are discussed. The device fabrication of optical switches and their efficiency based on the optical switch, internal architecture, and substrate materials are described. In the end, applications of switches and future prospectus of designing new molecules with references are suitably discussed.

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Section: Device Fabrication Of Optical Switchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Optical Responsive Molecular Switches

Doddamani¹,

Waddar²,

Parne³

2021

Nonlinear Optics - From Solitons to Similaritons

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“…Finally, we can conceive a more sophisticated scheme where all building blocks are arranged in a planar structure (figure 3) that represents the memory of the agent (figure 2(a)). In the latter configuration, photons are routed through a bus waveguide and optical switches [40,53] to one level (out of L), where a clip-to-clip transition is performed in a decision tree. The multi-level architecture is meaningful only for PS, where it represents the Llayer structure of an acyclic ECM, while for SARSA and Q-learning it is a convenient geometry to make the integrated circuit more compact.…”

Section: Photonic Architecture For the Agent's Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic architecture for reinforcement learning

et al. 2020

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The last decade has seen an unprecedented growth in artificial intelligence and photonic technologies, both of which drive the limits of modern-day computing devices. In line with these recent developments, this work brings together the state of the art of both fields within the framework of reinforcement learning. We present the blueprint for a photonic implementation of an active learning machine incorporating contemporary algorithms such as SARSA, Q-learning, and projective simulation. We numerically investigate its performance within typical reinforcement learning environments, showing that realistic levels of experimental noise can be tolerated or even be beneficial for the learning process. Remarkably, the architecture itself enables mechanisms of abstraction and generalization, two features which are often considered key ingredients for artificial intelligence. The proposed architecture, based on single-photon evolution on a mesh of tunable beamsplitters, is simple, scalable, and a first integration in quantum optical experiments appears to be within the reach of near-term technology.OPEN ACCESS RECEIVED promising features as compared to electronic processors [27][28][29][30]. For instance, nanosecond-scale routing and reconfigurability have already been demonstrated [31][32][33], while encoding information in photons enables decision-making at the speed of light, only limited by the generation and detection rates. Moreover, the use of phase-change materials for in-memory information processing [34] promises to enhance the energy efficiency, since their properties can be modified without continuous external intervention [35,36]. Importantly, since the architecture uses single photons, decision-making is fueled by genuine quantum randomness. This feature marks a fundamental departure from pseudorandom number generation in conventional devices. (ii) The second contribution is the development of a specific variant of PS based on binary decision trees (tree-PS, or t-PS for short), which is closely connected to the standard PS and suitable for the implementation on a photonic circuit. Furthermore, we discuss how this variant enables key features of artificial intelligence, namely abstraction and generalization [37,38].The Article is structured as follows. In section 2 we summarize the theoretical framework of RL, exemplified by three common approaches: SARSA, Q-learning, and PS. In section 3 we describe the blueprint for a fully integrated, photonic RL agent. We then numerically investigate its performance within two standard RL tasks and under realistic experimental imperfections in section 4. Finally, in section 5 we discuss promising features of this architecture within the context of t-PS.

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“…Novel solutions such as plasmonic-based modulators have been demonstrated recently, yet further improvements are required to decrease the insertion loss and increase extinction ratio per device before being implemented in densely integrated circuit arrays [4]. In contrast, photonic MEMS have already shown their potential for addressing the challenges of large integrated photonic circuits, in particular with regard to scalability and power efficiency [5], [6]. In a photonic MEMS device, the optical signal is altered by the physical displacement of the waveguides, which provides a more efficient modulation scheme when compared to the thermo-optic and plasma dispersion effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hitherto, various silicon photonic MEMS components have been realized either on simple silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates or on customized device layer stacks [5], [6]. The main concept of silicon photonic MEMS switching relies on the electrostatic modulation of a gap between coupled waveguides in a (directional) coupler or ring resonator system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Voltage Silicon Photonic MEMS Switch with Vertical Actuation

Sattari

Takabayashi

Edinger

et al. 2021

2021 IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

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We present a vertically movable silicon photonic MEMS switch realized in IMEC's standard silicon photonics platform followed by a dedicated postprocessing for MEMS release. The device has six optical ports, which enable four switching configurations with a safe electrical isolation of the switch's actuator. A low actuation voltage of 3.75 V is required to efficiently switch the optical signal from the drop port to the through port of the device. The device exhibits port extinctions of 16 dB and 26 dB at its OFF and ON states, respectively. With an insertion loss of < 2 dB and a broad 3 dB-bandwidth > 35 nm, this component paves the way for low-power scalable circuits in MEMS-enabled silicon photonics.

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State of the Art and Perspectives on Silicon Photonic Switches

Cited by 62 publications

References 112 publications

Nonlinear Optical Responsive Molecular Switches

Nonlinear Optical Responsive Molecular Switches

Photonic architecture for reinforcement learning

Low-Voltage Silicon Photonic MEMS Switch with Vertical Actuation

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