State of the Art in LP-WAN Solutions for Industrial IoT Services

Sánchez-Iborra, Ramón; Cano, Maria‐Dolores

doi:10.3390/s16050708

Cited by 219 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Nonetheless, today, with the appearance of the commercial hardware and the sheer deployment of the LPWAN infrastructure, the situation starts to change. An overview of nine different LPWAN technologies has been reported in [6]. An overview of the LoRa technology is introduced in [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of LoRa LPWAN Technology for Indoor Remote Health and Wellbeing Monitoring

Petäjäjärvi

Mikhaylov

Yasmin

et al. 2017

Int J Wireless Inf Networks

127

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Abstract. Long lifetime of a wireless sensor/actuator node, low transceiver chip cost and large coverage area are the main characteristics of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies. These targets correlate well with the requirements imposed by the health and wellbeing applications of the digital age. Therefore, LPWANs can found their niche among traditional short range technologies for wireless body area networks, such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and ultra wideband. To check this hypothesis, in this work we investigate the indoor performance with one of the LPWAN technologies, named LoRa, by the means of empirical measurements. The measurements were conducted using the commercially available devices in the main campus of the University of Oulu, Finland. In order to obtain the comprehensive picture, the experiments were executed for the sensor nodes operating with various physical layer settings, i.e., using the different spreading factors, bandwidths and transmit powers. The obtained results indicate that with the largest spreading factor of 12 and 14 dBm transmit power, the whole campus area (570 meters North to South and over 320 meters East to West) can be covered by a single base station. The average measured packet success delivery ratio for this case was 96.7%, even with no acknowledgements and retransmissions used. The campus was covered also with lower spreading factors with 2 dBm transmit power, but considerably more packets were lost. For example with spreading factor 8, 13.1% of the transmitted packets were lost. Aside of this, we have investigated the power consumption of the LoRa compliant transceiver with different physical layer settings. The experiments conducted using the specially designed module show that based on the settings used, the amount of energy for sending the same amount of data may differ up to 200-fold. This calls for efficient selection of the communication mode to be used by the energy restricted devices and emphasizes the importance of enabling adaptive data rate control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of LoRa LPWAN Technology for Indoor Remote Health and Wellbeing Monitoring

Petäjäjärvi

Mikhaylov

Yasmin

et al. 2017

Int J Wireless Inf Networks

127

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“…Overview of nine different technologies has been done in Sanchez-Iborra and Cano, 8 while an overview focusing specifically on LoRa and Sigfox is introduced in Nolan et al 9 In Reynders et al, 10 the performance of the LoRa-like spread spectrum and Sigfox-like ultra narrowband (UNB) technologies are compared under interference. The simulation results revealed that for the applications which require higher throughput at relatively short range, the spread spectrum approach suits better than UNB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of a low-power wide-area network based on LoRa technology: Doppler robustness, scalability, and coverage

Petäjäjärvi

Mikhaylov

Pettissalo

et al. 2017

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

279

211

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The article provides an analysis and reports experimental validation of the various performance metrics of the LoRa low-power wide-area network technology. The LoRa modulation is based on chirp spread spectrum, which enables use of low-quality oscillators in the end device, and to make the synchronization faster and more reliable. Moreover, LoRa technology provides over 150 dB link budget, providing good coverage. Therefore, LoRa seems to be quite a promising option for implementing communication in many diverse Internet of Things applications. In this article, we first briefly overview the specifics of the LoRa technology and analyze the scalability of the LoRa wide-area network. Then, we introduce setups of the performance measurements. The results show that using the transmit power of 14 dBm and the highest spreading factor of 12, more than 60% of the packets are received from the distance of 30 km on water. With the same configuration, we measured the performance of LoRa communication in mobile scenarios. The presented results reveal that at around 40 km/h, the communication performance gets worse, because duration of the LoRa-modulated symbol exceeds coherence time. However, it is expected that communication link is more reliable when lower spreading factors are used.

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“…The baseline case is when all nodes are configured with LoRa common configuration consisting of transmission power of 14 dBm, carrier frequency of 915 MHz, spreading factor of 12, bandwidth of 125 kHz, and coding rate of 4/5. Except for the carrier frequency, this setting is similar to the baseline used in [10] and [13]. This baseline case is denoted as "default" in subsequent result figures.…”

Section: Baseline Casementioning

confidence: 98%

“…In this research, two network servers are employed: crowd-funded free service from The Things Network [13] and an open-source one based on LoRa Server [14]. While the former one is commonly used for DIY and non-profit community, we decided to also perform experiment with the latter one to be able to gain more control of the "Internet" side of this IoT system.…”

Section: Prototypementioning

confidence: 99%