State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting

Abstract

This article extensively reviews published research on inclusions in ingot steel and defects on ingot products, methods to measure and detect inclusions in steel, the causes of exogenous inclusions, and the transport and entrapment of inclusions during fluid flow, segregation, and solidification of steel cast in ingot molds. Exogenous inclusions in ingots originate mainly from reoxidation of the molten steel, slag entrapment, and lining erosion, which are detailed in this article. The measures to prevent the formation of exogenous inclusions and improve their removal are provided, which are very useful for the clean steel production of ingot industries.

Thermodynamic Model for Prediction of Slag-Steel-Inclusion Reactions of 304 Stainless Steels

“…The desulfurization reaction is given in Eq. (2). Increasing the slag basicity in slag can significantly enhance the (S)/[S] of 304 stainless steels.…”

“…1,2) Non-metallic inclusions in steel have a detrimental effect on the performance of steels, such as their strength, toughness, fatigability, cleanliness, surface finishing, etc. 3) A wide range of operating approaches including deoxidation, 4,5) calcium treatment, [6][7][8][9][10][11] slag refining, [12][13][14][15][16][17] and prevention against reoxidation [18][19][20][21] are applied throughout the steelmaking processes of stainless steels.…”

Revisiting (Some of) the Lasting Impacts of the Liberty Ships via a Metallurgical Analysis of Rivets from the SS “John W. Brown”

“…The volume fraction, size, distribution, composition, and morphology of the inclusions are the most significant factors which affect the mechanical properties 35 of the steel. These microstructural features are influenced by processing and the attending thermodynamic reactions.…”

Deoxidation Impact on Non-Metallic Inclusions and Characterization Methods

“…The addition of aluminum will form Al 2 O 3 , which can create solid inclusions that are deleterious for steel mechanical properties such as impact toughness and fatigue. Aluminum also has an impact on the shape of the MnS inclusions [4][5][6]. The aluminum residual content should not fall below 0.015 wt.% to prevent the apparition of Type II MnS -the worst type for mechanical properties [6,7].…”