State-of-the-art in Open-domain Conversational AI: A Survey

Abstract

We survey SoTA open-domain conversational AI models with the purpose of presenting the prevailing challenges that still exist to spur future research. In addition, we provide statistics on the gender of conversational AI in order to guide the ethics discussion surrounding the issue. Open-domain conversational AI are known to have several challenges, including bland responses and performance degradation when prompted with figurative language, among others. First, we provide some background by discussing some topics of interest in conversational AI. We then discuss the method applied to the two investigations carried out that make up this study. The first investigation involves a search for recent SoTA open-domain conversational AI models while the second involves the search for 100 conversational AI to assess their gender. Results of the survey show that progress has been made with recent SoTA conversational AI, but there are still persistent challenges that need to be solved, and the female gender is more common than the male for conversational AI. One main take-away is that hybrid models of conversational AI offer more advantages than any single architecture. The key contributions of this survey are 1) the identification of prevailing challenges in SoTA open-domain conversational AI, 2) the unusual discussion about opendomain conversational AI for low-resource languages, and 3) the discussion about the ethics surrounding the gender of conversational AI.

Personal touch in digital customer service: a conceptual framework of relational personalization for conversational AI

“…Conversational AI broadly refers to a group of technologies that together enable communication between humans and computers. It is capable of understanding and generating human language using natural language processing techniques such as intent detection, classification, language modeling and text generation (Adewumi et al. , 2022; Gkinko and Elbanna, 2022).…”

Analysis of Beliefs Acquired from a Conversational AI: Instruments-based Beliefs, Testimony-based Beliefs, and Technology-based Beliefs

“…Google's LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications; see Thoppilan et al 2022;Freiman and Geslevich Packin 2022), and OpenAI's GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer; see Brown et al 2020;Floridi and Chiriatti 2020; for surveys of conversational AI language models, see Adewumi et al 2022;Fu et al 2022). These models are often used in natural language processing applications such as machine translation, question-answering, and chatbots.…”