State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse

Pragst, F.; Balı́ková, Marie

doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.019

Cited by 924 publications

(746 citation statements)

References 245 publications

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“…Its analytical determination is consistently requested within clinical and forensic investigations to monitor chronic excessive alcohol consumption [5] or, conversely, to ascertain alcohol abstinence, for several purposes: workplace testing, driving license reissue/renewal, child custody, divorce proceeding [6], post-mortem or pre-natal alcohol exposure [7], [8] and [9], withdrawal treatment [10], liver transplantation [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ethyl glucuronide levels in hair for the assessment of alcohol abstinence

Pirro¹,

Corcia²,

Seganti³

et al. 2013

Forensic Science International

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This study examined the potential of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of EtG in head hair (i) to ascertain alcohol abstinence, (ii) to estimate the basal level of EtG (sub-ppb concentrations) in head hair in a population of alcohol abstainers and (iii) to suggest a revision of cut-off values for assessing alcohol abstinence. An UHPLC-MS/MS protocol previously developed was modified and validated again to detect low EtG levels in head hair samples from a population of 44 certain abstainers and teetotalers. Basal level of EtG in hair was determined by a standard addition quantification method. The validated UHPLC-MS/MS method allowed detecting and quantifying 0.5 and 1.0 pg/mg of EtG in hair, respectively. EtG concentrations lower than 1.0 pg/mg were determined for 95% of abstainers; 30% of them had non-detectable (<0.5 pg/mg) EtG values.Two samples evidenced EtG concentrations higher than 1.0 pg/mg that were subsequently explained by unintentional ethanol exposure. The method's feature of high analytical sensitivity makes it particularly suitable for alcohol abstinence ascertainment and, in the same time, allows to tentatively estimate basal EtG concentrations in hair around 0.8 ± 0.4 pg/mg. This finding opens a discussion on the possible origin of basal EtG concentration and potential sources of bias in the evaluation of alcohol abstinence. Cut-off value in the range of 1.0-2.0 pg/mg can be reliably proposed to support alcohol abstinence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ethyl glucuronide levels in hair for the assessment of alcohol abstinence

Pirro¹,

Corcia²,

Seganti³

et al. 2013

Forensic Science International

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“…Collection and analysis of hair has been implemented in various fields, including forensic toxicology, investigation of drug-facilitated crimes, workplace drug testing, doping control in sports, detection of perinatal drug exposure and abstinence monitoring in driving license regranting programs or child custody cases [45,46]. The most important feature of hair analysis is probably the possibility to retrospectively assess drug use.…”

Section: Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, being a non-invasive sampling technique, collection of hair samples can be performed by non-specialized personnel, although some expertise is required to avoid variation in the amount of hair left on the scalp [47]. Hair strands are typically collected from the posterior vertex region of the head, as hair growth rate shows less variability there [45,46]. Although hair analysis provides distinct benefits compared to traditional bioanalytical matrices, it also holds important limitations, especially concerning the interpretation of hair results.…”

Section: Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several compound-dependent factors affect these processes, such as their physicochemical properties and affinity for binding to melanin in hair. In addition, analytical hair decontamination procedures or external influences, such as regular hair washing, influence of UV-light and cosmetic treatment of hair, may potentially cause differential loss of metabolites and precursors from the hair [45]. Therefore, as many variables may impact analyte concentrations in hair, the usefulness of hair metabolic ratios needs to be evaluated on a case by case basis and should be supported by controls in other matrices or data on enzyme genotypes.…”

Section: Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping

2015

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Interindividual variability in the expression and function of drug metabolizing cytochrome P (CYP) 450 enzymes, determined by a combination of genetic, non-genetic and environmental parameters, is a major source of variable drug response. Phenotyping by administration of a selective enzyme substrate, followed by the determination of a specific phenotyping metric, is an appropriate approach to assess the in vivo activity of CYP450 enzymes, as it takes into account all influencing factors. A phenotyping protocol should be as simple and convenient as possible. Typically, phenotyping metrics are determined in traditional matrices, such as blood, plasma or urine. Several sampling strategies have been proposed as an alternative for these traditional sampling techniques.In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of available methods using dried blood spots, hair, oral fluid, exhaled breath and sweat for in vivo CYP450 phenotyping. We discuss the relation between phenotyping metrics measured in these samples and those in conventional matrices, along with the advantages and limitations of the alternative sampling techniques. Reliable phenotyping procedures for several clinically relevant CYP450 enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, are currently available for oral fluid, breath or dried blood spots, while additional studies are needed for other CYP450 isoforms, such as CYP3A4. The role of hair analysis for this purpose remains to be established. Being non-or minimally invasive, these sampling strategies provide convenient and patient-friendly alternatives for classical phenotyping procedures, which may contribute to the implementation of CYP450 phenotyping in clinical practice. 4 Key Points Phenotyping by administration of a selective probe drug, followed by determination of a specific phenotyping metric, allows to assess the in vivo enzyme activity of CYP450 enzymes, taking into account genetic, non-genetic and environmental influencing factors. In addition to classical sampling techniques, such as blood or urine collection, reliable phenotyping procedures for several clinically relevant CYP450 enzymes are currently available for oral fluid, breath and dried blood spots.

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“…Blood and serum offer good quantitative correlation to the actual physical influence (Kolbrich et al, 2008;Barnes et al, 2011), whereas urine or sweat offer mainly qualitative information (Abraham et al, 2009;Barnes et al, 2009). In hair, drug consumption behavior from months to years can be monitored (Pragst et al, 2006;Poetzsch et al, 2014). Oral fluid (OF) sample collection offers a less invasive method, which is already widely distributed for abstinence control or driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) testing (Wille et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a high‐speed MALDI‐triple quadrupole mass spectrometric method for the determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in oral fluid

Poetzsch

Steuer

Hysek

et al. 2015

Drug Testing and Analysis

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This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Poetzsch, M., Steuer, A. E., Hysek, C. M., Liechti, M. E., and Kraemer, T. (2016) Development of a high-speed MALDI-triple quadrupole mass spectrometric method for the determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in oral fluid. Drug Test. Analysis,, which has been published in final form at dx.doi.org/10.1002/ dta.1810. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.2 Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) still is a widely used illicit designer drug and its detection in different matrices is of major importance for forensic purposes (e.g. driving under the influence) as well as for work place drug testing or abstinence control.Established analytical methods for the determination of MDMA are mainly employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometric detection. MALDI-QqQ-MS/MS is so far rarely used and offers an ultrafast high throughput platform. The Quantisal™ Oral Fluid Collection Device was used for sample collection. After addition of the deuterated internal standard and a carbonate buffer (0.75 M Na 2 CO 3 ), oral fluid samples were liquid-liquid extracted (ButOAc/EtOAc, 1:1). As little as 1 microliter of a mixture of this extract and the MALDI matrix (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) was spotted onto the MALDI plate and could directly be analyzed.With MALDI omitting chromatographic separation, very short analysis times of about 10 seconds per sample were possible. The method was developed and validated according to international guidelines including specificity, recovery, matrix effects, accuracy and precision, stabilities and limit of quantification. All validation criteria were fulfilled except for ion suppression/enhancement. Comparison with a routine LC-MS/MS method showed good agreement of the results. Applicability of the method was shown by analyzing about 250 oral fluid samples collected after controlled administration of 125 mg MDMA in a pharmacokinetic study. The whole lot of samples could be analyzed in less than one hour, proving the ultra-high speed of the method.

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State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse

Cited by 924 publications

References 245 publications

Determination of ethyl glucuronide levels in hair for the assessment of alcohol abstinence

Determination of ethyl glucuronide levels in hair for the assessment of alcohol abstinence

Alternative Sampling Strategies for Cytochrome P450 Phenotyping

Development of a high‐speed MALDI‐triple quadrupole mass spectrometric method for the determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in oral fluid

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