State-of-the-art novel catalyst synthesised from waste glassware and eggshells for cleaner fuel production

Al-Muhtaseb, Ala’a H.; Jamil, Farrukh; Osman, Ahmed I.; Myint, Myo Tay Zar; Kyaw, Htet Htet; Al‐Hajri, Rashid; Hussain, Murid; Ahmad, Mohammad Norazmi; Naushad, Mu.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125526

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The reaction kinetics of pristine CaO is quite slow and takes time, which limits its suitability to be used as a catalyst. For this reason, researchers used modifications/doping or composite formation to enhance the reaction rates of CaO [20]. For example, Tang et al modified CaO by treating it with bromooctane and obtained a lower reaction time of 3 h (99.2% conversion) compared with CaO (35.4% conversion) [19].…”

Section: Reusability Of Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have shown that CaO alone leaves calcium ions in methanol if left in contact for a long time; therefore, CaO composite formation is recommended to avoid the use of decalcifying agents at an additional cost to ensure high purity in the end products [17,18]. However, the use of pristine CaO is limited by its long reaction time, and much interest has been shown in modifying pristine CaO to enhance reaction rates and basic active sites [19][20][21]. The emergence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a novel class of nanomaterials can be attributed to their renewable, environmentally harmless, naturally occurring, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chicken bone and coconut residue were used as sources for CaO and CNC, and the supported catalyst (0.5 wt.%) was able to yield 98.40% biodiesel at 65 • C with a sufficiently large reaction time of 4 h [24]. Similarly, CaO (calcined from eggshells) supported on silica, which is obtained from treated waste glassware and further modified by impregnating cerium oxide to increase activity, acts as a bifunctional catalyst for the conversion of beef fat to biodiesel [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Green Nanocatalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Conversion from Waste Cooking Oil

Khosa,

Rani,

Saeed

et al. 2024

Catalysts

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This study used a novel combination of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanocomposite (CaO/CNCs) for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The filter paper was used as a raw cellulose source to produce the CNCs from the acid hydrolysis of cellulose with sulfuric acid. The as-synthesized CaO/CNC nanocomposite is recyclable and environmentally friendly and was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimum process parameters investigated are a 20:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 3-weight percent catalyst concentration, 60 °C temperature, and 90 min of reaction time. Under the optimum conditions, a biodiesel yield of 84% was obtained. The CaO/CNC nanocomposite achieved five times reusability, indicating its effectiveness and reusability in the transesterification reaction. The synthesized biodiesel chemical composition was examined using FTIR, GCMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and its properties, including specific gravity, color, flash point, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, sulfur content, sediments, water content, total acid number, cetane number, and corrosion test, were ascertained using ASTM standard practices. The outcomes were determined to fulfill global biodiesel standards (ASTM 951, 6751). Five successive transesterification processes were used to test the regeneration of the catalyst; the first three showed no distinct change, while the fifth cycle showed a reduction of up to 79%. The innovative composite CaO/CNC and used cooking oil are stable, affordable, and extremely successful for long-term biodiesel generation.

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Section: Reusability Of Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Green Nanocatalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Conversion from Waste Cooking Oil

Khosa,

Rani,

Saeed

et al. 2024

Catalysts

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“…The vast availability of raw materials, renewability, biodegradability and lower CO2(g) emissions make biodiesel superior to other energy sources [8]. Biodiesel a biofuel derived from the transesterification of bio-oil, and its energy content is comparable to diesel derived from fossil fuels [9][10][11]. Biodiesel, a combination of methyl esters, has been reported to be of similar quality to fossil diesel [12].…”

Section: Biodiesel Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Optimization, Kinetic Modelling and Characterization of Biodiesel Produced From Moringa Oleifera Oil: A Review

et al. 2022

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The rise in world population has resulted in subsequent increase in demand for energy which led to insufficient energy supply. Fossil fuel reserves such as coal, crude oil, and natural oil has been utilized as fuel energy and has been continuously used in large-scale and would get exhausted. Hence development, adoption and diffusion of several alternative technologies such as biomass, wind, solar, ocean thermal, hydrogen, and geothermal energy. Biodiesel has garnered increasing attention because it is renewable and eco-friendly because of its non-emission of CO2 compared to the conventional diesel. Optimization and kinetic modelling are receiving more importance in characterization of biodiesel production. This paper is an attempt to review recent development and application of different optimization and kinetic modelling processes for the optimum production of biodiesel.Optimization of different reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, time, solvent/solid ratio,

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“…Among all these methods, transesterification is the most common, easily controllable, and very efficient process of biodiesel production since in this reaction triglycerides react with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and glycerol. − Several raw materials, such as microorganisms and genetically modified microorganisms, waste oils, algae oils, vegetable oils, and animal fats, can be used as feedstock in biodiesel production with different treatment methods. , Nevertheless, the high cost of production and the process step limitations, such as saponification and the inability to regenerate the catalyst, are challenges that need to be faced by the biodiesel field . In this regard, heterogeneous catalysts have been extensively investigated as a suitable alternative catalyst for those reactions since these materials present great advantages, such as recyclability, easily separated, which reduces the cost and process time, non-corrosiveness, high selectivity with longer catalyst life, and are environmentally friendly. − Recently, circular economy and lifecycle assessment for engineering heterogeneous catalyst syntheses toward using cheap and waste feedstocks have been widely studied for sustainable biodiesel production. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nitride-Based Nanomaterials as a Sustainable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Silva

Rios

Savateev

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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In this work, we investigated a series of carbon nitride-based nanomaterials (CNs), i.e., H-PHI, mpg-C3N4, PCN, Na-PHI, Mg-PHI, CN-OA-m, and LiK-PHI, as candidate catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. The heterogeneous catalyst design based on CNs, with tunable catalytic sites and inexpensive syntheses, can allow biodiesel production to become a more sustainable process, helping to meet future energy demands. Transesterification of canola oil with methanol using LiK-PHI as a catalyst, under the optimized conditions, displayed the best performance for biodiesel production with 94% of yield and catalyst loading of 1.6 wt %. The outstanding performance exhibited by LiK-PHI is owed to this sample presenting the highest concentrations of basic sites, among the CN materials tested, directly correlated with the alkali metal content. This is an important information to understand the very nature of these basic active sites, which were exploited in this work to boost the catalyst efficiency among the best in the field. Moreover, the biodiesel produced under the best conditions, using LiK-PHI, was verified in relation to the number of esters and glycerides in this product. All values are within the values previously established by legislation, 97.6% ± 0.1 and 0.20%, respectively, which indicates the high quality of biodiesel produced.

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State-of-the-art novel catalyst synthesised from waste glassware and eggshells for cleaner fuel production

Cited by 19 publications

References 48 publications

A Green Nanocatalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Conversion from Waste Cooking Oil

A Green Nanocatalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Conversion from Waste Cooking Oil

Process Optimization, Kinetic Modelling and Characterization of Biodiesel Produced From Moringa Oleifera Oil: A Review

Carbon Nitride-Based Nanomaterials as a Sustainable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

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