State of the art on the separation and purification of proteins by magnetic nanoparticles

Abstract

The need for excellent, affordable, rapid, reusable and biocompatible protein purification techniques is justified based on the roles of proteins as key biomacromolecules. Magnetic nanomaterials nowadays have become the subject of discussion in proteomics, drug delivery, and gene sensing due to their various abilities including rapid separation, superparamagnetism, and biocompatibility. These nanomaterials also referred to as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) serve as excellent options for traditional protein separation and analytical methods because they have a larger surface area per volume. From ionic metals to carbon-based materials, MNPs are easily functionalized by modifying their surface to precisely recognize and bind proteins. This review excavates state-of-the-art MNPs and their functionalizing agents, as efficient protein separation and purification techniques, including ionic metals, polymers, biomolecules, antibodies, and graphene. The MNPs could be reused and efficaciously manipulated with these nanomaterials leading to highly improved efficiency, adsorption, desorption, and purity rate. We also discuss the binding and selectivity parameters of the MNPs, as well as their future outlook. It is concluded that parameters like charge, size, core–shell, lipophilicity, lipophobicity, and surface energy of the MNPs are crucial when considering protein selectivity, chelation, separation, and purity. Graphical abstract

Controlled Nickel Nanoparticles: A Review on How Parameters of Synthesis Can Modulate Their Features and Properties

“…Magnetic separation is a valuable methodology that strategically exploits the magnetic properties to purify magnetic nanoparticles, such as nickel nanoparticles [102][103][104]. The nanoparticle suspension is exposed to an external magnetic field, causing the magnetic nanoparticles to be selectively separated from the solution while non-magnetic impurities remain dispersed in the supernatant [92].…”

“…The nanoparticle suspension is exposed to an external magnetic field, causing the magnetic nanoparticles to be selectively separated from the solution while non-magnetic impurities remain dispersed in the supernatant [92]. Magnetic separation can be controlled through factors like magnetic field strength, distance from the magnetic source, duration of magnetic exposure, viscosity of the medium, and temperature [99,102,104].…”

Investigating and Optimizing Insulin Partitioning with Conjugated Au Nanoparticles in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Using Response Surface Methodology

“…Therefore, their isolation, purification, and characterization are of great importance. Over time, purification methods have been upgraded and refined through the development of innovative materials for the enrichment and purification of complex biomolecules . There is significant potential in using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for the extraction, recovery, and purification of a wide range of biological compounds.…”

One-Pot Strategy for Conjugation of Amine-Covered Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Carbohydrates: A Sustainable Alternative

“…10 Several carbohydrate derivatives, such as glycans, carbohydrates linked to surfactants, polymers, or amino acids, with different mono-or polysaccharides, such as mannose, galactose, and glucose, have been used as IONPs coatings. 11−17 These nanomaterials are suitable for carrying out studies on carbohydrate-mediated interactions, 18 for applications in molecular imaging, 19 for magnetic selective separation, 20 isolation of pathogens from food or biological matrices, 11,13,21 drug delivery, 22 biomedical research, 23 and biosensing. 12,17,24 Additionally, magnetic GlyNPs can be stored at room temperature and are cost-effective compared to antibodybased methods.…”

“…Particularly, IONPs are widely used for the design and application of magnetic GlyNPs due to their biocompatibility, affordable synthesis, long shelf life, and potential for recovery through the use of an external magnetic field . Several carbohydrate derivatives, such as glycans, carbohydrates linked to surfactants, polymers, or amino acids, with different mono- or polysaccharides, such as mannose, galactose, and glucose, have been used as IONPs coatings. − These nanomaterials are suitable for carrying out studies on carbohydrate-mediated interactions, for applications in molecular imaging, for magnetic selective separation, isolation of pathogens from food or biological matrices, ,, drug delivery, biomedical research, and biosensing. ,, Additionally, magnetic GlyNPs can be stored at room temperature and are cost-effective compared to antibody-based methods . To successfully apply magnetic GlyNPs, they should have high chemical stability, good dispersibility, and proper functional groups to improve the affinity and recognition capability toward target molecules while keeping their magnetic properties.…”